Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

وَ قَدْ قَالَ اَلنَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ: "مَنْ آذَى ذِمَّتِي فَقَدْ آذَانِي".

The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family) said: "Whoever harms one under my protection (dhimmah) has indeed harmed me."

وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ رِئَابٍ عَنْ بُرَيْدٍ اَلْعِجْلِيِّ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ مُسْلِمٍ فَقَأَ عَيْنَ نَصْرَانِيٍّ فَقَالَ "إِنَّ دِيَةَ عَيْنِ اَلذِّمِّيِّ أَرْبَعُمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ".

Buraid Al-Ijli narrated from Abu Abdullah (a.s) that he was asked about a Muslim who gouged out the eye of a Christian. Imam (a.s) replied: "The blood money (diyyah) for the eye of a dhimmi (non-Muslim under Islamic protection) is four hundred dirhams."

وَ رَوَى عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عِيسَى عَنْ سَمَاعَةَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "يُقْتَلُ اَلْعَبْدُ بِالْحُرِّ وَ لاَ يُقْتَلُ اَلْحُرُّ بِالْعَبْدِ وَ لَكِنْ يُغَرَّمُ قِيمَتَهُ وَ يُضْرَبُ ضَرْباً شَدِيداً حَتَّى لاَ يَعُودَ".

Uthman ibn Isa narrated from Sama'ah that Abu Abdullah (a.s) said: "A slave is to be killed for killing a free man, but a free man is not to be killed for killing a slave. However, he must pay the slave's value and be severely beaten so that he does not repeat such an act."

وَ رَوَى حَمَّادٌ عَنِ اَلْحَلَبِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: فِي رَجُلٍ يَقْتُلُ مَمْلُوكَهُ مُتَعَمِّداً قَالَ "يُعْجِبُنِي أَنْ يُعْتِقَ رَقَبَةً وَ يَصُومَ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتَابِعَيْنِ وَ يُطْعِمَ سِتِّينَ مِسْكِيناً ثُمَّ تَكُونَ اَلتَّوْبَةُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ".

Hammad narrated from Al-Halabi that Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) said regarding a man who intentionally kills his slave: "I prefer that he frees a slave, fasts for two consecutive months, and feeds sixty needy people, and then he should repent after that."

وَ سَأَلَ حُمْرَانُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: عَنْ رَجُلٍ ضَرَبَ مَمْلُوكاً لَهُ فَمَاتَ مِنْ ضَرْبِهِ قَالَ "يُعْتِقُ رَقَبَةً".

Humran asked Abu Jafar Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s) about a man who struck his slave, and the slave died as a result of the beating. Imam (a.s) replied: "He must free a slave."

وَ رَوَى يَحْيَى بْنُ أَبِي اَلْعَلاَءِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "إِذَا قَتَلَ اَلْعَبْدُ اَلْحُرَّ فَلِأَهْلِ اَلْمَقْتُولِ إِنْ شَاءُوا قَتَلُوا وَ إِنْ شَاءُوا اِسْتَعْبَدُوا".

Yahya ibn Abi Al-'Ala narrated from Abu Abdullah (a.s) who said: "If a slave kills a free man, the family of the murdered person has the choice: if they wish, they may kill him, and if they wish, they may enslave him."

وَ قَضَى أَمِيرُ اَلْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ فِي مُكَاتَبٍ قُتِلَ فَقَالَ "يُحْسَبُ مَا عَتَقَ مِنْهُ فَيُؤَدَّى دِيَةُ اَلْحُرِّ وَ مَا رَقَّ دِيَةُ اَلْعَبْدِ " " وَ قَالَ "اَلْعَبْدُ لاَ يُغْرِمُ أَهْلَهُ وَرَاءَ نَفْسِهِ شَيْئاً".

Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s), Commander of the Faithful, ruled regarding a mukatab (a slave who had a contract for freedom) who was killed: "The portion of him that had been freed is calculated, and the blood money for that part is paid as that of a free man, and the portion that remained in servitude is paid as the blood money of a slave." Imam (a.s) also said: "A slave does not burden his family with any liability beyond himself."

وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ رِئَابٍ عَنِ اَلْفُضَيْلِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: فِي عَبْدٍ جَرَحَ حُرّاً قَالَ "إِنْ شَاءَ اَلْحُرُّ اِقْتَصَّ مِنْهُ وَ إِنْ شَاءَ أَخَذَهُ إِنْ كَانَتِ اَلْجِرَاحَةُ تُحِيطُ بِرَقَبَتِهِ وَ إِنْ كَانَتْ لاَ تُحِيطُ بِرَقَبَتِهِ اِفْتَدَاهُ مَوْلاَهُ فَإِنْ أَبَى مَوْلاَهُ أَنْ يَفْتَدِيَهُ كَانَ لِلْحُرِّ اَلْمَجْرُوحِ مِنَ اَلْعَبْدِ بِقَدْرِ دِيَةِ جِرَاحَتِهِ وَ اَلْبَاقِي لِلْمَوْلَى يُبَاعُ اَلْعَبْدُ فَيَأْخُذُ اَلْمَجْرُوحُ حَقَّهُ وَ يُرَدُّ اَلْبَاقِي عَلَى اَلْمَوْلَى ".

Imam Abu Abdullah (a.s) was asked about a slave who injured a free man. Imam (a.s) said: "If the free man wishes, he may take retribution (qisas) from him, and if he wishes, he may take the slave if the injury is severe enough to warrant his execution. If the injury does not warrant execution, then the slave's master must pay compensation (diyyah). If the master refuses to pay the compensation, then the injured free man has a right over the slave equivalent to the diyyah of his injury, and the rest belongs to the master. The slave is then sold, the injured party takes his due, and the remainder is returned to the master."

وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَلْعَزِيزِ اَلْعَبْدِيِّ عَنْ عُبَيْدِ بْنِ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي رَجُلٍ شَجَّ عَبْداً مُوضِحَةً قَالَ "عَلَيْهِ نِصْفُ عُشْرِ قِيمَتِهِ".

Imam Abu Abdullah (a.s) was asked about a man who inflicted a mudhiha (a wound exposing the bone) on a slave. Imam (a.s) said: "He is liable to pay half of one-tenth of the slave's value."

وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ رِئَابٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي عَبْدٍ جَرَحَ رَجُلَيْنِ قَالَ "هُوَ بَيْنَهُمَا إِنْ كَانَتْ جِنَايَتُهُ تُحِيطُ بِقِيمَتِهِ" قِيلَ لَهُ فَإِنْ جَرَحَ رَجُلاً فِي أَوَّلِ اَلنَّهَارِ وَ جَرَحَ آخَرَ فِي آخِرِ اَلنَّهَارِ قَالَ "هُوَ بَيْنَهُمَا مَا لَمْ يَحْكُمِ اَلْوَالِي فِي اَلْمَجْرُوحِ اَلْأَوَّلِ فَإِنْ كَانَ اَلْوَالِي قَدْ حَكَمَ فِي اَلْمَجْرُوحِ اَلْأَوَّلِ فَدَفَعَهُ إِلَيْهِ بِجِنَايَتِهِ فَجَنَى بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ جِنَايَةً فَإِنَّ جِنَايَتَهُ عَلَى اَلْأَخِيرِ".

Abu Jafar Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s) was asked about a slave who injured two men. Imam (a.s) said: "He is to be divided between them if his crime equals his full value." It was asked: "What if he injured one man in the morning and another in the evening?" Imam (a.s) replied: "He is to be divided between them as long as the governor has not ruled regarding the first injured person. But if the governor had already ruled and handed the slave over to the first injured party due to his injury, and then the slave committed another injury afterward, then his liability for that second injury falls upon the latter victim."