Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

رَوَى عَلِيُّ بْنُ رِئَابٍ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: «كَانَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ وَ أَمِيرُ اَلْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ وَ مَرْثَدُ بْنُ أَبِي مَرْثَدٍ اَلْغَنَوِيُّ يُعْقِبُونَ بَعِيراً بَيْنَهُمْ وَ هُمْ مُنْطَلِقُونَ إِلَى بَدْرٍ ».

Ali ibn Ri'ab narrated from Abu Basir, from Abu Ja'far (a.s), who said: "The Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace and blessings of Allah (swt) be upon him and his family), Amir al-Mu'minin (a.s), and Marthad ibn Abi Marthad al-Ghanawi would take turns riding a camel among them as they headed toward Badr."

قَالَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ: «مَنْ أَعَانَ مُؤْمِناً مُسَافِراً نَفَّسَ اَللَّهُ عَنْهُ ثَلاَثاً وَ سَبْعِينَ كُرْبَةً وَ أَجَارَهُ فِي اَلدُّنْيَا وَ اَلْآخِرَةِ مِنَ اَلْغَمِّ وَ اَلْهَمِّ وَ نَفَّسَ عَنْهُ كَرْبَهُ اَلْعَظِيمَ يَوْمَ يَغَصُّ اَلنَّاسُ بِأَنْفَاسِهِمْ » وَ فِي خَبَرٍ آخَرَ، «حَيْثُ يَتَشَاغَلُ اَلنَّاسُ بِأَنْفَاسِهِمْ.

The Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace and blessings of Allah (swt) be upon him and his family) said: "Whoever helps a believer who is traveling, Allah (swt) will relieve seventy-three troubles from them, protect them in this world and the Hereafter from sorrow and anxiety, and alleviate their great distress on the Day when people will struggle for breath." In another narration, it is stated: "On the Day when people will be preoccupied with their own breaths."

تَذَاكَرَ اَلنَّاسُ عِنْدَ اَلصَّادِقِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَمْرَ اَلْفُتُوَّةِ فَقَالَ «تَظُنُّونَ أَمْرَ اَلْفُتُوَّةِ بِالْفِسْقِ وَ اَلْفُجُورِ إِنَّمَا اَلْفُتُوَّةُ وَ اَلْمُرُوءَةُ طَعَامٌ مَوْضُوعٌ وَ نَائِلٌ مَبْذُولٌ بِشَيْءٍ مَعْرُوفٍ وَ أَذًى مَكْفُوفٌ فَأَمَّا تِلْكَ فَشَطَارَةٌ وَ فِسْقٌ» ثُمَّ قَالَ «مَا اَلْمُرُوءَةُ» فَقَالَ اَلنَّاسُ لاَ نَعْلَمُ قَالَ «اَلْمُرُوءَةُ وَ اَللَّهِ أَنْ يَضَعَ اَلرَّجُلُ خِوَانَهُ بِفِنَاءِ دَارِهِ وَ اَلْمُرُوءَةُ مُرُوءَتَانِ مُرُوءَةٌ فِي اَلْحَضَرِ وَ مُرُوءَةٌ فِي اَلسَّفَرِ فَأَمَّا اَلَّتِي فِي اَلْحَضَرِ فَتِلاَوَةُ اَلْقُرْآنِ وَ لُزُومُ اَلْمَسَاجِدِ وَ اَلْمَشْيُ مَعَ اَلْإِخْوَانِ فِي اَلْحَوَائِجِ وَ اَلنِّعْمَةُ تُرَى عَلَى اَلْخَادِمِ أَنَّهَا تَسُرُّ اَلصَّدِيقَ وَ تَكْبِتُ اَلْعَدُوَّ وَ أَمَّا اَلَّتِي فِي اَلسَّفَرِ فَكَثْرَةُ اَلزَّادِ وَ طِيبُهُ وَ بَذْلُهُ لِمَنْ كَانَ مَعَكَ وَ كِتْمَانُكَ عَلَى اَلْقَوْمِ أَمْرَهُمْ، بَعْدَ مُفَارَقَتِكَ إِيَّاهُمْ وَ كَثْرَةُ اَلْمِزَاحِ فِي غَيْرِ مَا يُسْخِطُ اَللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ» ثُمَّ قَالَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ «وَ اَلَّذِي بَعَثَ جَدِّي صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ بِالْحَقِّ نَبِيّاً إِنَّ اَللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ لَيَرْزُقُ اَلْعَبْدَ عَلَى قَدْرِ اَلْمُرُوءَةِ وَ إِنَّ اَلْمَعُونَةَ تَنْزِلُ عَلَى قَدْرِ اَلْمَئُونَةِ وَ إِنَّ اَلصَّبْرَ يَنْزِلُ عَلَى قَدْرِ شِدَّةِ اَلْبَلاَءِ ».

People were discussing the concept of futuwwah (chivalry) in the presence of Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s), and Imam (a.s) said: "Do you think that futuwwah is about immorality and corruption? Futuwwah and manliness (muru'ah) are about presenting food, offering generosity with what is well-known, and refraining from causing harm. As for those actions you describe, they are recklessness and immorality." Then Imam (a.s) asked: "What is muru'ah?" The people replied: "We do not know." Imam (a.s) said: "Muru'ah, by Allah (swt), is for a person to set their table in the open courtyard of their house. Muru'ah is of two kinds: muru'ah in settled life and muru'ah in travel. As for muru'ah in settled life, it includes reciting the Quran, frequenting mosques, walking with one’s brothers to fulfill their needs, and showing kindness to servants such that it pleases friends and suppresses enemies. As for muru'ah in travel, it includes taking ample and good provisions, sharing them with one’s companions, keeping the matters of the group confidential after parting from them, and engaging in frequent humor that does not anger Allah (swt), the Mighty and Glorious." Then Imam (a.s) added: "By the One who sent my grandfather (peace and blessings of Allah (swt) be upon him and his family) as a Prophet with the truth, Allah (swt) provides for a servant in proportion to their muru'ah. Aid descends in proportion to the burden of responsibility, and patience descends in proportion to the severity of the trial."

رَوَى اَلسَّكُونِيُّ بِإِسْنَادِهِ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ: «إِيَّاكُمْ وَ اَلتَّعْرِيسَ عَلَى ظَهْرِ اَلطَّرِيقِ وَ بُطُونِ اَلْأَوْدِيَةِ فَإِنَّهَا مَدَارِجُ اَلسِّبَاعِ وَ مَأْوَى اَلْحَيَّاتِ.

Al-Sakuni narrated with his chain of transmission that the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace and blessings of Allah (swt) be upon him and his family) said: "Beware of resting along the middle of roads and in the valleys, for they are pathways for wild beasts and shelters for snakes."

وَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ: «مَنْ نَزَلَ مَنْزِلاً يَتَخَوَّفُ فِيهِ اَلسَّبُعَ فَقَالَ أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ اَللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ لاَ شَرِيكَ لَهُ «لَهُ اَلْمُلْكُ وَ لَهُ اَلْحَمْدُ» بِيَدِهِ اَلْخَيْرُ «وَ هُوَ عَلىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ» اَللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ شَرِّ كُلِّ سَبُعٍ إِلاَّ أَمِنَ مِنْ شَرِّ ذَلِكَ اَلسَّبُعِ حَتَّى يَرْحَلَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ اَلْمَنْزِلِ إِنْ شَاءَ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى ».

The Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace and blessings of Allah (swt) be upon him and his family) said: "Whoever stays in a place where they fear wild beasts and says: 'I bear witness that there is no deity but Allah (swt), alone, without partner. To Him belongs sovereignty, and to Him belongs all praise. In His hand is all good, and He has power over all things. O Allah (swt), I seek refuge in You from the harm of every wild beast,' will be safe from the harm of that wild beast until they depart from that place, if Allah (swt), the Exalted, wills."

رَوَى مُنْذِرُ بْنُ جَيْفَرٍ عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ طَلْحَةَ اَلنَّهْدِيِّ قَالَ قَالَ لَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: «سِيرُوا وَ اِنْسَلُّوا فَإِنَّهُ أَخَفُّ عَلَيْكُمْ ».

Munthir ibn Ja‘far narrated from Yahya ibn Talhah al-Nahdi, who said that Imam Abu Abdullah (a.s) said to us: "Travel in small groups and slip away quietly; it will be easier for you."

وَ رُوِيَ: أَنَّ قَوْماً مُشَاةً أَدْرَكَهُمْ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ فَشَكَوْا إِلَيْهِ شِدَّةَ اَلْمَشْيِ فَقَالَ لَهُمُ «اِسْتَعِينُوا بِالنَّسْلِ ».

It is narrated that a group of people who were walking met the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace and blessings of Allah (swt) be upon him and his family), and they complained to him about the difficulty of walking. Prophet (saws) said to them: "Seek assistance through walking briskly (nasl)."

وَ سَأَلَ مُعَاوِيَةُ بْنُ عَمَّارٍ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: عَنْ رَجُلٍ عَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ أَ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَحُجَّ قَالَ «نَعَمْ إِنَّ حَجَّةَ اَلْإِسْلاَمِ وَاجِبَةٌ عَلَى مَنْ أَطَاقَ اَلْمَشْيَ مِنَ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ وَ لَقَدْ كَانَ أَكْثَرُ مَنْ حَجَّ مَعَ رَسُولِ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ مُشَاةً وَ لَقَدْ مَرَّ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ بِكُرَاعِ اَلْغَمِيمِ فَشَكَوْا إِلَيْهِ اَلْجَهْدَ وَ اَلطَّاقَةَ وَ اَلْإِعْيَاءَ فَقَالَ «شُدُّوا أُزُرَكُمْ وَ اِسْتَبْطِنُوا» فَفَعَلُوا ذَلِكَ فَذَهَبَ ذَلِكَ عَنْهُمْ».

Mu‘awiyah ibn Ammar asked Abu Abdullah (a.s) about a man who has debt: "Is he obligated to perform Hajj?" Imam (a.s) replied: "Yes, the Hajj of Islam is obligatory upon those Muslims who can walk. Indeed, most of those who performed Hajj with the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace of Allah (swt) be upon him and his family) were on foot. The Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace and blessings of Allah (swt) be upon him and his family) passed by Kura‘ al-Ghamim, and the people complained to him about their exhaustion, fatigue, and weakness. Prophet (saws) said: 'Tighten your belts and bind your stomachs.' They did so, and their fatigue and hardship disappeared."

وَ رَوَى عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي حَمْزَةَ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لَهُ قَوْلُ اَللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ: « وَ لِلّٰهِ عَلَى اَلنّٰاسِ حِجُّ اَلْبَيْتِ مَنِ اِسْتَطٰاعَ إِلَيْهِ سَبِيلاً » قَالَ «يَخْرُجُ يَمْشِي إِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ عِنْدَهُ شَيْءٌ» قُلْتُ لاَ يَقْدِرُ عَلَى اَلْمَشْيِ قَالَ «يَمْشِي وَ يَرْكَبُ» قُلْتُ لاَ يَقْدِرُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ قَالَ «يَخْدُمُ اَلْقَوْمَ وَ يَخْرُجُ مَعَهُمْ».

Ali ibn Abi Hamzah narrated from Abu Basir, from Abu Abdullah (a.s), who said: I asked him about the verse of Allah (swt), the Exalted: "And [due] to Allah (swt) from the people is a pilgrimage to the House—whoever is able to find thereto a way" (Surah Aal-E-Imran 3:97). Imam (a.s) replied: "He should set out on foot if he has nothing." I said: "What if he cannot walk?" Imam (a.s) said: "Then he should walk and ride." I said: "What if he cannot do that either?" Imam (a.s) said: "Then he should serve the group and set out with them."

رَوَى سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ دَاوُدَ اَلْمِنْقَرِيُّ عَنْ حَمَّادِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: «قَالَ لُقْمَانُ لاِبْنِهِ إِذَا سَافَرْتَ مَعَ قَوْمٍ فَأَكْثِرِ اِسْتِشَارَتَهُمْ فِي أَمْرِكَ وَ أُمُورِهِمْ وَ أَكْثَرِ اَلتَّبَسُّمَ فِي وُجُوهِهِمْ وَ كُنْ كَرِيماً عَلَى زَادِكَ بَيْنَهُمْ وَ إِذَا دَعَوْكَ فَأَجِبْهُمْ وَ إِذَا اِسْتَعَانُوا بِكَ فَأَعِنْهُمْ وَ اِسْتَعْمِلْ طُولَ اَلصَّمْتِ وَ كَثْرَةَ اَلصَّلاَةِ وَ سَخَاءَ اَلنَّفْسِ بِمَا مَعَكَ مِنْ دَابَّةٍ أَوْ مَاءٍ أَوْ زَادٍ وَ إِذَا اِسْتَشْهَدُوكَ عَلَى اَلْحَقِّ فَاشْهَدْ لَهُمْ وَ اِجْهَدْ رَأْيَكَ لَهُمْ إِذَا اِسْتَشَارُوكَ ثُمَّ لاَ تَعْزِمْ حَتَّى تَثَبَّتَ وَ تَنْظُرَ وَ لاَ تُجِبْ فِي مَشُورَةٍ حَتَّى تَقُومَ فِيهَا وَ تَقْعُدَ وَ تَنَامَ وَ تَأْكُلَ وَ تُصَلِّيَ وَ أَنْتَ مُسْتَعْمِلٌ فِكْرَتَكَ وَ حِكْمَتَكَ فِي مَشُورَتِكَ فَإِنَّ مَنْ لَمْ يُمْحِضِ اَلنَّصِيحَةَ لِمَنِ اِسْتَشَارَهُ سَلَبَهُ اَللَّهُ رَأْيَهُ وَ نَزَعَ عَنْهُ اَلْأَمَانَةَ وَ إِذَا رَأَيْتَ أَصْحَابَكَ يَمْشُونَ فَامْشِ مَعَهُمْ وَ إِذَا رَأَيْتَهُمْ يَعْمَلُونَ فَاعْمَلْ مَعَهُمْ وَ إِذَا تَصَدَّقُوا وَ أَعْطَوْا قَرْضاً فَأَعْطِ مَعَهُمْ و اِسْمَعْ لِمَنْ هُوَ أَكْبَرُ مِنْكَ سِنّاً وَ إِذَا أَمَرُوكَ بِأَمْرٍ وَ سَأَلُوكَ شَيْئاً فَقُلْ نَعَمْ وَ لاَ تَقُلْ لاَ فَإِنَّ لاَ عِيٌّ وَ لُؤْمٌ وَ إِذَا تَحَيَّرْتُمْ فِي اَلطَّرِيقِ فَانْزِلُوا وَ إِذَا شَكَكْتُمْ فِي اَلْقَصْدِ فَقِفُوا وَ تَآمَرُوا و إِذَا رَأَيْتُمْ شَخْصاً وَاحِداً فَلاَ تَسْأَلُوهُ عَنْ طَرِيقِكُمْ وَ لاَ تَسْتَرْشِدُوهُ فَإِنَّ اَلشَّخْصَ اَلْوَاحِدَ فِي اَلْفَلاَةِ مُرِيبٌ لَعَلَّهُ أَنْ يَكُونَ عَيْنَ اَللُّصُوصِ أَوْ يَكُونَ هُوَ اَلشَّيْطَانُ اَلَّذِي حَيَّرَكُمْ وَ اِحْذَرُوا اَلشَّخْصَيْنِ أَيْضاً إِلاَّ أَنْ تَرَوْا مَا لاَ أَرَى فَإِنَّ اَلْعَاقِلَ إِذَا أَبْصَرَ بِعَيْنِهِ شَيْئاً عَرَفَ اَلْحَقَّ مِنْهُ وَ اَلشَّاهِدُ يَرَى مَا لاَ يَرَى اَلْغَائِبُ يَا بُنَيَّ إِذَا جَاءَ وَقْتُ اَلصَّلاَةِ فَلاَ تُؤَخِّرْهَا لِشَيْءٍ صَلِّهَا وَ اِسْتَرِحْ مِنْهَا فَإِنَّهَا دَيْنٌ وَ صَلِّ فِي جَمَاعَةٍ وَ لَوْ عَلَى رَأْسِ زُجٍّ وَ لاَ تَنَامَنَّ عَلَى دَابَّتِكَ فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ سَرِيعٌ فِي دَبَرِهَا وَ لَيْسَ ذَلِكَ مِنْ فِعْلِ اَلْحُكَمَاءِ إِلاَّ أَنْ تَكُونَ فِي مَحْمِلٍ يُمْكِنُكَ اَلتَّمَدُّدُ لاِسْتِرْخَاءِ اَلْمَفَاصِلِ وَ إِذَا قَرُبْتَ مِنَ اَلْمَنْزِلِ فَانْزِلْ عَنْ دَابَّتِكَ وَ اِبْدَأْ بِعَلْفِهَا قَبْلَ نَفْسِكَ فَإِنَّهَا نَفْسُكَ وَ إِذَا أَرَدْتُمُ اَلنُّزُولَ فَعَلَيْكُمْ مِنْ بِقَاعِ اَلْأَرْضِ بِأَحْسَنِهَا لَوْناً وَ أَلْيَنِهَا تُرْبَةً وَ أَكْثَرِهَا عُشْباً فَإِذَا نَزَلْتَ فَصَلِّ رَكْعَتَيْنِ قَبْلَ أَنْ تَجْلِسَ وَ إِذَا أَرَدْتَ قَضَاءَ حَاجَتِكَ فَأَبْعِدِ اَلْمَذْهَبَ فِي اَلْأَرْضِ وَ إِذَا اِرْتَحَلْتَ فَصَلِّ رَكْعَتَيْنِ ثُمَّ وَدِّعِ اَلْأَرْضَ اَلَّتِي حَلَلْتَ بِهَا وَ سَلِّمْ عَلَيْهَا وَ عَلَى أَهْلِهَا فَإِنَّ لِكُلِّ بُقْعَةٍ أَهْلاً مِنَ اَلْمَلاَئِكَةِ و إِنِ اِسْتَطَعْتَ أَنْ لاَ تَأْكُلَ طَعَاماً حَتَّى تَبْدَأَ فَتَصَدَّقَ مِنْهُ فَافْعَلْ وَ عَلَيْكَ بِقِرَاءَةِ كِتَابِ اَللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ مَا دُمْتَ رَاكِباً وَ عَلَيْكَ بِالتَّسْبِيحِ مَا دُمْتَ عَامِلاً عَمَلاً وَ عَلَيْكَ بِالدُّعَاءِ مَا دُمْتَ خَالِياً وَ إِيَّاكَ وَ اَلسَّيْرَ مِنْ أَوَّلِ اَللَّيْلِ وَ سِرْ فِي آخِرِهِ وَ إِيَّاكَ وَ رَفْعَ اَلصَّوْتِ فِي مَسِيرِكَ.

Sulaiman ibn Dawud al-Minqari narrated from Hammad ibn Isa, from Imam Abu Abdullah (a.s), who said: Luqman said to his son: "When you travel with a group: - Frequently seek their counsel regarding your matters and theirs. - Smile often at them. - Be generous with your provisions among them. - If they invite you, respond. - If they seek your help, assist them. - Practice prolonged silence, pray frequently, and be generous with what you have, whether it be an animal, water, or food. - If they ask you to bear witness to the truth, do so. - When they seek your advice, give it sincerely, exerting your best effort. However, do not make a decision until you have reflected and considered thoroughly. Do not answer immediately when consulted; rather, stand, sit, sleep, eat, and pray while deeply contemplating your advice. For whoever does not offer sincere counsel to those who consult him, Allah (swt) will take away his insight and remove trustworthiness from him. - If you see your companions walking, walk with them. - If you see them working, work with them. - If they give charity or a loan, contribute alongside them. Listen to those older than you in age. If they ask something of you or command you, say ‘Yes,’ and do not say ‘No,’ for saying ‘No’ reflects ineptitude and meanness. - If you are unsure of the road, stop and consult each other. - If you see a lone individual, do not ask them for directions or guidance, for a lone person in the wilderness is suspicious. He may be a spy for bandits or even the devil trying to mislead you. - Be wary of two individuals as well, unless you see something that reassures you otherwise." Luqman continued advising his son: "Indeed, an intelligent person, when he sees something with his eyes, recognizes the truth in it. A witness sees what an absent person cannot. O my son, when it is time for prayer, do not delay it for anything. Perform it and find rest through it, for it is a debt you owe. Pray in congregation, even if it is on the point of a spear. Do not sleep on your mount, for it quickly wears it down, and such behavior is not befitting of the wise, unless you are in a carriage where you can stretch out and relax your joints. When you near your destination, dismount and begin by feeding your animal before yourself, for it is your life support. When choosing a place to camp, select the spot with the best color, the softest soil, and the most grass. When you dismount, pray two units of prayer before sitting down. When you need to relieve yourself, go far away from others. When departing, pray two units of prayer, bid farewell to the place you stayed, and greet the land and its inhabitants, for every spot has angels assigned to it. If you can, do not eat food until you begin by giving charity from it. Recite the Book of Allah (swt), the Mighty and Glorious, as long as you are riding. Glorify Allah (swt) as long as you are working. Supplicate as long as you are alone. Avoid traveling at the beginning of the night; instead, travel during its later part. And beware of raising your voice while on your journey."