Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ رِئَابٍ عَنْ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ حَنَانٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ وَقَفَ غَلَّةً لَهُ عَلَى قَرَابَةٍ لَهُ مِنْ أَبِيهِ وَ قَرَابَةٍ مِنْ أُمِّهِ وَ أَوْصَى لِرَجُلٍ وَ لِعَقِبِهِ مِنْ تِلْكَ اَلْغَلَّةِ لَيْسَ بَيْنَهُ وَ بَيْنَهُ قَرَابَةٌ بِثَلاَثِمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ كُلَّ سَنَةٍ وَ يُقْسَمُ اَلْبَاقِي عَلَى قَرَابَتِهِ مِنْ أَبِيهِ وَ أُمِّهِ قَالَ "جَائِزٌ لِلَّذِي أَوْصَى لَهُ بِذَلِكَ" قُلْتُ أَ رَأَيْتَ إِنْ لَمْ يَخْرُجْ مِنْ غَلَّةِ اَلْأَرْضِ اَلَّتِي وَقَفَهَا إِلاَّ خَمْسُمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ فَقَالَ "أَ وَ لَيْسَ فِي وَصِيَّتِهِ أَنْ يُعْطَى اَلَّذِي أَوْصَى لَهُ مِنَ اَلْغَلَّةِ بِثَلاَثِمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ وَ يُقْسَمَ اَلْبَاقِي عَلَى قَرَابَتِهِ مِنْ أَبِيهِ وَ أُمِّهِ" قُلْتُ نَعَمْ قَالَ "لَيْسَ لِقَرَابَتِهِ أَنْ يَأْخُذُوا مِنَ اَلْغَلَّةِ شَيْئاً حَتَّى يُوفُوا اَلْمُوصَى لَهُ ثَلاَثَمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ ثُمَّ لَهُمْ مَا بَقِيَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ" قُلْتُ أَ رَأَيْتَ إِنْ مَاتَ اَلَّذِي أُوصِيَ لَهُ قَالَ "إِنْ مَاتَ كَانَتِ اَلثَّلاَثُمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ لِوَرَثَتِهِ يَتَوَارَثُونَهَا مَا بَقِيَ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ فَإِذَا اِنْقَطَعَ وَرَثَتُهُ وَ لَمْ يَبْقَ مِنْهُمْ أَحَدٌ كَانَتِ اَلثَّلاَثُمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ لِقَرَابَةِ اَلْمَيِّتِ تُرَدُّ إِلَى مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنَ اَلْوَقْفِ ثُمَّ يُقْسَمُ بَيْنَهُمْ يَتَوَارَثُونَ ذَلِكَ مَا بَقِيَ مِنْهُمْ أَحَدٌ وَ بَقِيَتِ اَلْغَلَّةُ" قُلْتُ فَلِلْوَرَثَةِ مِنْ قَرَابَةِ اَلْمَيِّتِ أَنْ يَبِيعُوا اَلْأَرْضَ إِذَا اِحْتَاجُوا إِلَيْهَا وَ لَمْ يَكْفِهِمْ مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنَ اَلْغَلَّةِ قَالَ "نَعَمْ إِذَا رَضُوا كُلُّهُمْ وَ كَانَ اَلْبَيْعُ خَيْراً لَهُمْ بَاعُوا".

Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Ali ibn Ri'ab from Ja'far ibn Hanan, who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s), about a man who endowed the yield of his property for his relatives from his father's side and his mother's side. He also made a bequest for a man and his descendants - who had no relation to him - to receive three hundred dirhams annually from that yield, with the remainder to be distributed among his relatives from both his father's and mother's sides. Imam (a.s) said: "It is permissible for the one to whom he made that bequest." I then asked: "What if the yield from the endowed land is only five hundred dirhams?" Imam (a.s) replied: "Is it not in his will that the one he designated should receive three hundred dirhams from the yield, and the remainder be divided among his relatives from his father's and mother's sides?" I said: "Yes." Imam (a.s) replied: "His relatives have no right to take anything from the yield until the bequested three hundred dirhams are fully given to the one it was intended for. After that, whatever remains belongs to them." I asked: "What if the person for whom the bequest was made dies?" Imam (a.s) said: "If he dies, the three hundred dirhams will go to his heirs, and they will inherit it as long as any of them remain. If his heirs perish and none remain, the three hundred dirhams will revert to the relatives of the deceased (the original owner) and will be distributed from the yield of the endowment among them, and they will continue to inherit it as long as any of them remain, while the yield itself will continue." I asked: "Do the heirs from the deceased's relatives have the right to sell the land if they are in need and the yield does not suffice for them?" Imam (a.s) replied: "Yes, if all of them agree and the sale is better for them, then they may sell it."

وَ رَوَى اَلْعَبَّاسُ بْنُ مَعْرُوفٍ عَنْ عُثْمَانَ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ مِهْرَانَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: أَوْصَى أَنْ يُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِ سَبْعَةَ مَوَاسِمَ فَأَوْقَفَ لِكُلِّ مَوْسِمٍ مَالاً يُنْفَقُ فِيهِ.

Al-Abbas ibn Ma'ruf narrated from Uthman ibn Isa from Mehran ibn Muhammad, who said: I heard Abu Abdullah (a.s), say that he instructed for mourning to be held for Him (a.s) for seven seasons (mawasim), and He (a.s) allocated money for each season to be spent for that purpose.

وَ رَوَى عَاصِمُ بْنُ حُمَيْدٍ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ قَالَ: قَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "أَ لاَ أُحَدِّثُكَ بِوَصِيَّةِ فَاطِمَةَ عَلَيْهَا اَلسَّلاَمُ " قُلْتُ بَلَى فَأَخْرَجَ حُقّاً أَوْ سَفَطاً فَأَخْرَجَ مِنْهُ كِتَاباً فَقَرَأَهُ " "بِسْمِ اَللّٰهِ اَلرَّحْمٰنِ اَلرَّحِيمِ" هَذَا مَا أَوْصَتْ بِهِ فَاطِمَةُ بِنْتُ مُحَمَّدٍ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ أَوْصَتْ بِحَوَائِطِهَا اَلسَّبْعَةِ، اَلْعَوَافِ وَ اَلدَّلاَلِ وَ اَلْبُرْقَةِ وَ اَلْمِيثَبِ وَ اَلْحَسْنَى وَ اَلصَّافِيَةِ وَ مَالِ أُمِّ إِبْرَاهِيمَ إِلَى عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ فَإِنْ مَضَى عَلِيٌّ فَإِلَى اَلْحَسَنِ فَإِنْ مَضَى اَلْحَسَنُ فَإِلَى اَلْحُسَيْنِ فَإِنْ مَضَى اَلْحُسَيْنُ فَإِلَى اَلْأَكْبَرِ مِنْ وُلْدِي شَهِدَ اَللَّهُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ وَ اَلْمِقْدَادُ بْنُ اَلْأَسْوَدِ اَلْكِنْدِيُّ وَ اَلزُّبَيْرُ بْنُ اَلْعَوَّامِ " وَ كَتَبَ " عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ ".

Asim ibn Humaid narrated from Abu Basir, who said: Abu Jafar Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s), said: "Shall I tell you about the will of Sayyidah Fatimah (s.a), peace be upon her?" I said: "Yes." Imam (a.s) then brought out a box or a container, from which he took out a document and read it: "In the name of Allah (swt), the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. This is what Fatimah (s.a), daughter of Muhammad (saws), peace and blessings be upon him and his family, bequeathed. She willed that her seven gardens - Al-Awaf, Ad-Dalal, Al-Burqah, Al-Mithab, Al-Hasna, As-Safiyah, and the property of Umm Ibrahim - be given to Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s), peace be upon him. If Ali (a.s) passes away, then to Al-Hasan (a.s); if Al-Hasan (a.s) passes away, then to Al-Hussain (a.s); and if Al-Hussain (a.s) passes away, then to the eldest of my children. Allah (swt) bears witness to this, along with Miqdad ibn Al-Aswad Al-Kindi and Az-Zubayr ibn Al-Awwam." It was written by Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s), peace be upon him."

وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ اَلْفَرَجِ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ مَعْبَدٍ قَالَ: كَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ فِي سَنَةِ ثَلاَثٍ وَ ثَلاَثِينَ وَ مِائَتَيْنِ يَسْأَلُهُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ مَاتَ وَ خَلَّفَ اِمْرَأَةً وَ بَنِينَ وَ بَنَاتٍ وَ خَلَّفَ لَهُمْ غُلاَماً أَوْقَفَهُ عَلَيْهِمْ عَشْرَ سِنِينَ ثُمَّ هُوَ حُرٌّ بَعْدَ اَلْعَشْرِ سِنِينَ هَلْ يَجُوزُ لِهَؤُلاَءِ اَلْوَرَثَةِ بَيْعُ هَذَا اَلْغُلاَمِ وَ هُمْ مُضْطَرُّونَ إِذَا كَانَ عَلَى مَا وَصَفْتُهُ لَكَ جَعَلَنِيَ اَللَّهُ فِدَاكَ فَكَتَبَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "لاَ يَبِيعُونَهُ إِلَى مِيقَاتِ شَرْطِهِ إِلاَّ أَنْ يَكُونُوا مُضْطَرِّينَ إِلَى ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ جَائِزٌ لَهُمْ".

Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Mahbub narrated from Muhammad ibn Al-Faraj from Ali ibn Mabad, who said: Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Ibrahim wrote to Imam (a.s) in the year 233 AH, asking about a man who passed away and left behind a wife, sons, and daughters. He had also left them a servant (ghulam) whom he had endowed for them for ten years, after which the servant would become free. He asked: "Is it permissible for these heirs to sell this servant if they are in need, given the situation I described to you? May Allah (swt) make me your ransom." Imam (a.s) wrote in reply: "They should not sell him until the appointed time of his condition (the ten years) unless they are in severe need. In that case, it is permissible for them to sell him."

وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ أُذَيْنَةَ قَالَ: كُنْتُ شَاهِداً لاِبْنِ أَبِي لَيْلَى وَ قَضَى فِي رَجُلٍ جَعَلَ لِبَعْضِ قَرَابَتِهِ غَلَّةَ دَارِهِ وَ لَمْ يُوَقِّتْ وَقْتاً فَمَاتَ اَلرَّجُلُ وَ حَضَرَتْ وَرَثَتُهُ اِبْنَ أَبِي لَيْلَى وَ حَضَرَ قَرَابَتُهُ اَلَّذِي جُعِلَ لَهُ غَلَّةُ اَلدَّارِ فَقَالَ اِبْنُ أَبِي لَيْلَى أَرَى أَنْ أَدَعَهَا عَلَى مَا تَرَكَهَا صَاحِبُهَا فَقَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ اَلثَّقَفِيُّ أَمَا إِنَّ عَلِيَّ بْنَ أَبِي طَالِبٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَدْ قَضَى فِي هَذَا اَلْمَسْجِدِ بِخِلاَفِ مَا قَضَيْتَ فَقَالَ وَ مَا عِلْمُكَ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ عَلِيٍّ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ يَقُولُ "قَضَى عَلِيٌّ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ بِرَدِّ اَلْحَبِيسِ وَ إِنْفَاذِ اَلْمَوَارِيثِ، " فَقَالَ اِبْنُ أَبِي لَيْلَى هَذَا عِنْدَكَ فِي كِتَابٍ قَالَ نَعَمْ قَالَ فَأَرْسِلْ فَأْتِنِي بِهِ فَقَالَ لَهُ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ عَلَى أَنْ لاَ تَنْظُرَ مِنَ اَلْكِتَابِ إِلاَّ فِي ذَلِكَ اَلْحَدِيثِ قَالَ لَكَ ذَلِكَ قَالَ فَأَحْضَرَ اَلْكِتَابَ وَ أَرَاهُ اَلْحَدِيثَ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ فِي اَلْكِتَابِ فَرَدَّ قَضِيَّتَهُ.

Muhammad ibn Abi Umayr narrated from Umar ibn Udhaynah, who said: I was present with Ibn Abi Layla when Imam (a.s) ruled on a case involving a man who had allocated the yield (ghallah) of his house to one of his relatives without specifying a time limit. When the man passed away, his heirs came before Ibn Abi Layla, along with the relative who had been granted the house's yield. Ibn Abi Layla said: "I see that it should remain as the owner had left it." Muhammad ibn Muslim Al-Thaqafi responded, "Indeed, Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s), peace be upon him, ruled differently in this very mosque than what you have ruled." Ibn Abi Layla asked: "And what knowledge do you have of this?" Muhammad ibn Muslim replied: "I heard Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s), peace be upon him, say: 'Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s), peace be upon him, ruled to revoke the habis (temporary endowment) and enforce the distribution of inheritance.'" Ibn Abi Layla then asked: "Do you have this in a book?" He replied: "Yes." Ibn Abi Layla said: "Then send for it and bring it to me." Muhammad ibn Muslim stipulated: "On the condition that you look only at this specific narration in the book." Ibn Abi Layla agreed: "That is acceptable." Muhammad ibn Muslim brought the book and showed him the narration from Abu Jafar Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s), and Ibn Abi Layla retracted his judgment.

وَ رَوَى عَبْدُ اَللَّهِ بْنُ اَلْمُغِيرَةِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَلرَّحْمَنِ اَلْجُعْفِيِّ قَالَ: كُنْتُ أَخْتَلِفُ إِلَى اِبْنِ أَبِي لَيْلَى فِي مَوَارِيثَ لَنَا لِيَقْسِمَهَا وَ كَانَ فِيهِ حَبِيسٌ فَكَانَ يُدَافِعُنِي فَلَمَّا طَالَ ذَلِكَ شَكَوْتُهُ إِلَى أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ فَقَالَ "أَ وَ مَا عَلِمَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ أَمَرَ بِرَدِّ اَلْحَبِيسِ وَ إِنْفَاذِ اَلْمَوَارِيثِ" قَالَ فَأَتَيْتُهُ فَفَعَلَ كَمَا كَانَ يَفْعَلُ فَقُلْتُ لَهُ إِنِّي شَكَوْتُكَ إِلَى جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ فَقَالَ لِي كَيْتَ وَ كَيْتَ قَالَ فَحَلَّفَنِي اِبْنُ أَبِي لَيْلَى أَنَّهُ قَدْ قَالَ ذَلِكَ فَحَلَفْتُ لَهُ فَقَضَى لِي بِذَلِكَ.

Abdullah ibn Al-Mughirah narrated from Abdur-Rahman Al-Ju'fi, who said: I used to frequently go to Ibn Abi Layla regarding an inheritance matter of ours so that he could divide it. Part of the estate included a habis (a temporary endowment), but he kept postponing the matter. When this delay persisted, I complained about him to Abu Abdullah (a.s). Abu Abdullah (a.s) said: "Does he not know that the Messenger of Allah (swt), peace and blessings be upon him and his family, commanded the revocation of habis and the execution of inheritance distribution?" So, I returned to Ibn Abi Layla, and he continued as before. I then said to him: "I have complained about you to Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s), peace be upon him, and He (a.s) told me such and such." Ibn Abi Layla made me swear that Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) had indeed said that. I swore to him, and as a result, he ruled in my favor accordingly.

وَ رَوَى يَعْقُوبُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ شُعَيْبٍ عَنْ أَبِي كَهْمَسٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "سِتَّةٌ تَلْحَقُ اَلْمُؤْمِنَ بَعْدَ وَفَاتِهِ وَلَدٌ يَسْتَغْفِرُ لَهُ وَ مُصْحَفٌ يُخَلِّفُهُ وَ غَرْسٌ يَغْرِسُهُ وَ بِئْرٌ يَحْفِرُهَا وَ صَدَقَةٌ يُجْرِيهَا وَ سُنَّةٌ يُؤْخَذُ بِهَا مِنْ بَعْدِهِ".

Abu Abdullah Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (a.s) said: "Six things continue to benefit a believer after his death: a child who seeks forgiveness for him, a Quran that he leaves behind, a tree that he plants, a well that he digs, a charity that he establishes, and a good practice (sunnah) that is followed after him."

وَ رَوَى عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَسْبَاطٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ حُمْرَانَ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي اَلرَّجُلِ يَتَصَدَّقُ بِالصَّدَقَةِ اَلْمُشْتَرَكَةِ قَالَ "جَائِزٌ".

Ali ibn Asbat narrated from Muhammad ibn Humran from Zurara, who reported from Abu Jafar Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s), regarding a man who gives a shared charity (sadaqah mushtarakah). Imam (a.s) said: "It is permissible."

وَ رَوَى اَلْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ عَنِ اَلنَّضْرِ عَنِ اَلْقَاسِمِ بْنِ سُلَيْمَانَ عَنْ عُبَيْدِ بْنِ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: فِي رَجُلٍ تَصَدَّقَ عَلَى وُلْدٍ لَهُ قَدْ أَدْرَكُوا فَقَالَ "إِذَا لَمْ يَقْبِضُوا حَتَّى يَمُوتَ فَهِيَ مِيرَاثٌ فَإِنْ تَصَدَّقَ عَلَى مَنْ لَمْ يُدْرِكْ مِنْ وُلْدِهِ فَهُوَ جَائِزٌ لِأَنَّ اَلْوَالِدَ هُوَ اَلَّذِي يَلِي أَمْرَهُمْ " وَ قَالَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "لاَ يَرْجِعْ فِي اَلصَّدَقَةِ إِذَا تَصَدَّقَ بِهَا اِبْتِغَاءَ وَجْهِ اَللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ".

Al-Husayn ibn Sa'id narrated from Al-Nadr, from Al-Qasim ibn Sulayman, from Ubayd ibn Zurara, who reported from Abu Abdullah (a.s), that he said regarding a man who gave charity to his children who had reached maturity: "If they do not take possession of it before his death, then it becomes inheritance. But if he gives charity to his minor children, it is permissible because the parent manages their affairs." Imam (a.s) also said: "One should not take back a charity once it has been given sincerely for the sake of Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic."

وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ اِبْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ جَمِيلِ بْنِ دَرَّاجٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ تَصَدَّقَ عَلَى اِبْنِهِ بِالْمَالِ أَوِ اَلدَّارِ أَ لَهُ أَنْ يَرْجِعَ فِيهِ فَقَالَ "نَعَمْ إِلاَّ أَنْ يَكُونَ صَغِيراً".

In the narration of Ibn Abi Umayr from Jamil ibn Darraj, he said: I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s), about a man who gave charity to his son in the form of wealth or a house. I asked: "Does he have the right to take it back?" Imam (a.s) replied: "Yes, unless the son is a minor."