Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

وَ رُوِيَ عَنْ شُعَيْبٍ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: أَنَّهُ سُئِلَ عَنِ اَلْمَمْلُوكِ يُعْتَقُ سَائِبَةً قَالَ "يَتَوَلَّى مَنْ شَاءَ وَ عَلَى مَنْ يَتَوَلَّى جَرِيرَتُهُ وَ لَهُ مِيرَاثُهُ" قَالَ قُلْتُ فَإِنْ سَكَتَ حَتَّى يَمُوتَ وَ لَمْ يَتَوَلَّ أَحَداً قَالَ "يُجْعَلُ مَالُهُ فِي بَيْتِ مَالِ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ ".

It is narrated from Shu'ayb, from Abu Basir, from Abu Abdullah (a.s), that he was asked about a slave who is freed as a sa'ibah (without any specific ties). Imam (a.s) said: "He may choose whomever he wishes to be his guardian. The one he chooses will be responsible for his liabilities and will inherit from him." I asked: "What if he remains silent until he dies and does not appoint anyone as his guardian?" Imam (a.s) said: "His wealth will be placed in the treasury of the Muslims."

وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ عَمَّارِ بْنِ أَبِي اَلْأَحْوَصِ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلسَّائِبَةِ قَالَ "اُنْظُرْ فِي اَلْقُرْآنِ فَمَا كَانَ فِيهِ تَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ فَذَلِكَ يَا عَمَّارُ اَلسَّائِبَةُ اَلَّتِي لاَ وَلاَءَ لِأَحَدٍ مِنَ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ عَلَيْهِ إِلاَّ اَللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ فَمَا كَانَ وَلاَؤُهُ لِلَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ فَهُوَ لِرَسُولِهِ وَ مَا كَانَ لِرَسُولِهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ فَإِنَّ وَلاَءَهُ لِلْإِمَامِ وَ جِنَايَتَهُ عَلَى اَلْإِمَامِ وَ مِيرَاثَهُ لَهُ".

Ibn Mahbub narrated from Ammar ibn Abi Al-Ahwas, who said: I asked Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s), about al-sa'ibah (a freed slave without specific ties). Imam (a.s) said: "Look in the Qur'an. Wherever there is mention of the freeing of a slave, that, O Ammar, refers to the sa'ibah, who has no wala' (loyalty) to any Muslim except Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic. So, whoever's wala' belongs to Allah (swt), it belongs to His Messenger. And whatever belongs to His Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him and his family, its wala' belongs to the Imam. His liabilities (for crimes or debts) are upon the Imam, and his inheritance belongs to the Imam."

وَ رَوَى يَاسِينُ عَنْ حَرِيزٍ عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ خَالِدٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ مَمْلُوكٍ أَرَادَ أَنْ يَشْتَرِيَ نَفْسَهُ فَدَسَّ إِنْسَاناً هَلْ لِلْمَدْسُوسِ أَنْ يَشْتَرِيَهُ كُلَّهُ مِنْ مَالِ اَلْعَبْدِ وَ لاَ يُخْبِرَ اَلسَّيِّدَ أَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا يَشْتَرِيهِ مِنْ مَالِ اَلْعَبْدِ قَالَ "لاَ يَنْبَغِي وَ إِنْ أَرَادَ أَنْ يَسْتَحِلَّ ذَلِكَ فِيمَا بَيْنَهُ وَ بَيْنَ اَللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ حَتَّى يَكُونَ وَلاَؤُهُ لَهُ فَلْيَزِدْ هُوَ مَا يَشَاءُ بَعْدَ أَنْ يَكُونَ زِيَادَةٌ مِنْ مَالِهِ فِي ثَمَنِ اَلْعَبْدِ يَسْتَحِلُّ بِهِ اَلْوَلاَءَ فَيَكُونُ وَلاَءُ اَلْعَبْدِ لَهُ".

Yasin narrated from Hariz, from Sulayman ibn Khalid, from Abu Abdullah (a.s), who said: I asked him about a slave who wants to purchase his freedom and secretly arranges for someone else to buy him. Is it permissible for the person acting on behalf of the slave to buy him entirely with the slave's own money and not inform the master that the purchase is being made with the slave's money? Imam (a.s) said: "It is not proper. However, if the slave wants to make it permissible between himself and Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic, so that the wala' (bond of loyalty) belongs to him, then let him add any amount he wishes (as an extra payment) from his own money toward the purchase price. By doing so, he makes the wala' lawful, and the wala' of the slave becomes his."

وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ أَبِي أَيُّوبَ عَنْ بُرَيْدٍ اَلْعِجْلِيِّ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ كَانَ عَلَيْهِ عِتْقُ رَقَبَةٍ فَمَاتَ مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ يُعْتِقَ رَقَبَةً فَانْطَلَقَ اِبْنُهُ فَابْتَاعَ رَجُلاً مِنْ كَسْبِهِ فَأَعْتَقَهُ عَنْ أَبِيهِ وَ إِنَّ اَلْمُعْتَقَ أَصَابَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ مَالاً ثُمَّ مَاتَ وَ تَرَكَهُ لِمَنْ يَكُونُ مِيرَاثُهُ قَالَ فَقَالَ "إِنْ كَانَتِ اَلرَّقَبَةُ اَلَّتِي كَانَتْ عَلَى أَبِيهِ فِي نَذْرٍ أَوْ شُكْرٍ أَوْ كَانَتْ وَاجِبَةً عَلَيْهِ فَإِنَّ اَلْمُعْتَقَ سَائِبَةٌ لاَ سَبِيلَ لِأَحَدٍ عَلَيْهِ " قَالَ "فَإِنْ كَانَ تَوَلَّى قَبْلَ أَنْ يَمُوتَ إِلَى أَحَدٍ مِنَ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ فَضَمِنَ جِنَايَتَهُ وَ جَرِيرَتَهُ كَانَ مَوْلاَهُ وَ وَارِثَهُ إِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ قَرِيبٌ مِنَ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ يَرِثُهُ وَ إِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ تَوَالَى إِلَى أَحَدٍ حَتَّى مَاتَ فَإِنَّ مِيرَاثَهُ لِلْإِمَامِ إِمَامِ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ إِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ قَرِيبٌ يَرِثُهُ مِنَ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ " قَالَ "وَ إِنْ كَانَتِ اَلرَّقَبَةُ اَلَّتِي عَلَى أَبِيهِ تَطَوُّعاً وَ قَدْ كَانَ أَبُوهُ أَمَرَهُ أَنْ يُعْتِقُ عَنْهُ نَسَمَةً فَإِنَّ وَلاَءَ اَلْمُعْتَقِ هُوَ مِيرَاثٌ لِجَمِيعِ وُلْدِ اَلْمَيِّتِ " قَالَ "وَ يَكُونُ اَلَّذِي اِشْتَرَاهُ فَأَعْتَقَهُ بِأَمْرِ أَبِيهِ كَوَاحِدٍ مِنَ اَلْوَرَثَةِ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ لِلْمُعْتَقِ قَرَابَةٌ مِنَ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ أَحْرَارٌ يَرِثُونَهُ" قَالَ "وَ إِنْ كَانَ اِبْنُهُ اَلَّذِي اِشْتَرَى اَلرَّقَبَةَ فَأَعْتَقَهَا عَنْ أَبِيهِ مِنْ مَالِهِ بَعْدَ مَوْتِ أَبِيهِ تَطَوُّعاً مِنْهُ مِنْ غَيْرِ أَنْ يَكُونَ أَبُوهُ أَمَرَهُ بِذَلِكَ فَإِنَّ وَلاَءَهُ وَ مِيرَاثَهُ لِلَّذِي اِشْتَرَاهُ مِنْ مَالِهِ فَأَعْتَقَهُ عَنْ أَبِيهِ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ لِلْمُعْتَقِ وَارِثٌ مِنْ قَرَابَتِهِ".

Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Abu Ayyub, from Burayd al-Ijli, who said: I asked Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s), about a man who was obligated to free a slave but died before doing so. His son then purchased a slave with his own wealth and freed him on behalf of his father. Later, the freed slave acquired wealth and passed away, leaving an inheritance. I asked: "Who inherits from him?" Imam (a.s) replied: "If the obligation to free the slave was due to a vow, gratitude, or was otherwise obligatory upon his father, then the freed slave is a sa'ibah (freed without claim of ownership), and no one has any claim over him." Imam (a.s) continued: "However, if the freed slave had allied himself (by appointing a guardian) to one of the Muslims before dying, and that guardian accepted responsibility for his offenses and liabilities, then the guardian becomes his master and inherits from him-if the freed slave has no Muslim relatives to inherit from him." "If the freed slave did not appoint a guardian before dying, then his inheritance goes to the Imam of the Muslims-provided he has no Muslim relatives to inherit from him." Imam (a.s) further said: "If the obligation to free the slave was voluntary, and the father had instructed his son to free a slave on his behalf, then the wala' (bond of loyalty) of the freed slave and his inheritance belong to all the children of the deceased." "In this case, the son who purchased and freed the slave based on his father's instructions is counted as one of the heirs-unless the freed slave has free Muslim relatives who can inherit from him." Imam (a.s) added: "If the son purchased and freed the slave after his father's death voluntarily, without any instruction from his father, then the wala' and inheritance of the freed slave belong to the son who freed him-provided the freed slave has no inheriting relatives from among his kin."

رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ رِئَابٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ أُمِّ اَلْوَلَدِ قَالَ "أَمَةٌ تُبَاعُ وَ تُورَثُ وَ تُوهَبُ وَ حَدُّهَا حَدُّ اَلْأَمَةِ".

Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Ali ibn Ri'ab, from Zurara, who said: I asked Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s), about Umm al-Walad (a female slave who bears a child for her master). Imam (a.s) said: "She is a slave. She can be sold, inherited, and gifted, and her legal ruling is the same as that of a slave."

وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ وَهْبِ بْنِ عَبْدِ رَبِّهِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: فِي رَجُلٍ زَوَّجَ أُمَّ وَلَدٍ لَهُ عَبْداً لَهُ ثُمَّ مَاتَ اَلسَّيِّدُ قَالَ "لاَ خِيَارَ لَهَا عَلَى اَلْعَبْدِ هِيَ مَمْلُوكَةٌ لِلْوَرَثَةِ".

Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Wahb ibn Abd Rabbih, from Abu Abdullah (a.s) regarding a man who married his Umm al-Walad (a female slave who bore him a child) to his slave, and then the master died. Imam (a.s) said: "She has no choice regarding the slave. She remains a slave belonging to the heirs."

وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنِ اَلْبَزَنْطِيِّ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ بْنِ سِنَانٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يَمُوتُ وَ لَهُ أُمُّ وَلَدٍ وَ لَهُ مِنْهَا وَلَدٌ أَ يَصْلُحُ لِلرَّجُلِ أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَهَا فَقَالَ "أُخْبِرْتُ أَنَّ عَلِيّاً عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَوْصَى فِي أُمَّهَاتِ اَلْأَوْلاَدِ اَللاَّتِي كَانَ يَطُوفُ عَلَيْهِنَّ "مَنْ كَانَ مِنْهُنَّ لَهَا وَلَدٌ فَهِيَ مِنْ نَصِيبِ وَلَدِهَا وَ مَنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهَا وَلَدٌ فَهِيَ حُرَّةٌ" وَ إِنَّمَا جُعِلَ مَنْ كَانَ مِنْهُنَّ لَهَا وَلَدٌ مِنْ نَصِيبِ وَلَدِهَا لِكَيْلاَ تَنْكِحَ إِلاَّ بِإِذْنِ أَهْلِهَا".

In a narration from Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Mahbub, from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Isa, from Al-Bazanti, from Abdullah ibn Sinan, he said: I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s), about a man who dies and leaves behind an Umm al-Walad (a female slave who bore him a child) and has a child from her. Can another man marry her? Imam (a.s) said: "I was informed that Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s), instructed regarding the Umm al-Walad women he had relations with: 'Whoever among them has borne a child, she becomes the share of her child. And whoever has not borne a child, she is set free.' And those who had children were assigned to their children to ensure that they would not marry except with the permission of their family."

وَ رَوَى سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ دَاوُدَ اَلْمِنْقَرِيُّ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَلْعَزِيزِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ قَالَ سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَوْ سَمِعْتُهُ يَقُولُ: "لاَ تُجْبَرُ اَلْحُرَّةُ عَلَى رَضَاعِ اَلْوَلَدِ وَ تُجْبَرُ أُمُّ اَلْوَلَدِ".

Sulaiman ibn Dawud Al-Minqari narrated from Abdul Aziz ibn Muhammad, who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s), or I heard him say: "A free woman is not compelled to breastfeed the child, but an Umm al-Walad (a female slave who bore her master a child) is compelled."

وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ مُسْكَانَ عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ خَالِدٍ عَنْ بَعْضِهِمْ عَلَيْهِمُ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "كَانَ عَلِيٌّ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ إِذَا مَاتَ اَلرَّجُلُ وَ لَهُ اِمْرَأَةٌ مَمْلُوكَةٌ اِشْتَرَاهَا مِنْ مَالِهِ فَأَعْتَقَهَا ثُمَّ وَرَّثَهَا".

Ibn Muskan narrated from Sulaiman ibn Khalid, who narrated from some of the Imams (a.s), peace be upon them: "When a man died and had a wife who was a slave, Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s) would purchase her from his estate, emancipate her, and then make her an heir."

وَ رَوَى عُمَرُ بْنُ يَزِيدَ عَنْ أَبِي إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لَهُ أَسْأَلُكَ قَالَ "سَلْ" قُلْتُ لِمَ بَاعَ أَمِيرُ اَلْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أُمَّهَاتِ اَلْأَوْلاَدِ فَقَالَ "فِي فَكَاكِ رِقَابِهِنَّ" قُلْتُ وَ كَيْفَ ذَاكَ قَالَ "أَيُّمَا رَجُلٍ اِشْتَرَى جَارِيَةً فَأَوْلَدَهَا ثُمَّ لَمْ يُؤَدِّ ثَمَنَهَا وَ لَمْ يَدَعْ مِنَ اَلْمَالِ مَا يُؤَدَّى عَنْهُ أُخِذَ وَلَدُهَا مِنْهَا وَ بِيعَتْ وَ أُدِّيَ ثَمَنُهَا" قُلْتُ فَتُبَاعُ فِيمَا سِوَى ذَلِكَ مِنَ اَلدَّيْنِ قَالَ "لاَ".

Umar ibn Yazid narrated from Abu Ibrahim (Imam Musa ibn Jafar Al-Kadhim (a.s)), who said: I said to him: "May I ask you a question?" Imam (a.s) replied: "Ask." I asked: "Why did Commander of the Faithful, peace be upon him, sell the mothers of children (Umm al-Walad)?" Imam (a.s) said: "To free them from slavery." I asked: "How was that?" Imam (a.s) said: "If a man purchased a bondwoman and she bore him a child, but he did not pay her price and did not leave enough wealth to pay for her, her child would be taken from her, and she would be sold to pay her price." I asked: "Is she sold for any other debt besides this?" Imam (a.s) said: "No."