Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ أَبَانِ بْنِ عُثْمَانَ عَنْ مَنْصُورٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ آلَى مِنِ اِمْرَأَتِهِ، فَمَرَّتْ أَرْبَعَةُ أَشْهُرٍ قَالَ "يُوقَفُ فَإِنْ عَزَمَ اَلطَّلاَقَ بَانَتْ مِنْهُ وَ عَلَيْهَا عِدَّةُ اَلْمُطَلَّقَةِ وَ إِلاَّ كَفَّرَ يَمِينَهُ وَ أَمْسَكَهَا".

In the narration of Aban ibn Uthman from Mansur, he said: I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s) about a man who swears an oath (ilaʾ) against his wife, and four months pass. Imam (a.s) said: "He is to be brought forward. If he decides on divorce, she is separated from him, and she must observe the waiting period (iddah) of a divorced woman. But if he does not divorce her, he must offer expiation for his oath and continue the marriage."

رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ جَمِيلِ بْنِ صَالِحٍ عَنِ اَلْفُضَيْلِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ مُمْلَكٍ ظَاهَرَ مِنِ اِمْرَأَتِهِ فَقَالَ "لاَ يَكُونُ ظِهَارٌ وَ لاَ يَكُونُ إِيلاَءٌ حَتَّى يَدْخُلَ بِهَا ".

Al-Hasan bin Mahbub narrated from Jamil bin Salih, from Al-Fudayl bin Yasar, who said: I asked Abu Abdillah (peace be upon him) about a man who has only performed the marriage contract (mamluk, meaning he has not yet consummated the marriage) and then declares ẓihar (a pre-Islamic form of divorce where a husband likens his wife to a prohibited relative). Imam (a.s) said: "There is no ẓihar and no īla' (an oath to abstain from marital relations) until he consummates the marriage with her."

وَ قَالَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: "وَ لاَ يَكُونُ اَلظِّهَارُ إِلاَّ عَلَى مَوْضِعِ اَلطَّلاَقِ".

And Imam (a.s) said: "Ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison) does not apply except in the context where divorce is applicable."

وَ رَوَى اَلْحَسَنُ بْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ رِئَابٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلظِّهَارِ فَقَالَ "هُوَ مِنْ كُلِّ ذِي مَحْرَمٍ أَوْ مِنْ أُمٍّ أَوْ أُخْتٍ أَوْ عَمَّةٍ أَوْ خَالَةٍ وَ لاَ يَكُونُ اَلظِّهَارُ فِي يَمِينٍ " فَقُلْتُ وَ كَيْفَ يَكُونُ قَالَ "يَقُولُ اَلرَّجُلُ لاِمْرَأَتِهِ وَ هِيَ طَاهِرٌ مِنْ غَيْرِ جِمَاعٍ أَنْتِ عَلَيَّ حَرَامٌ مِثْلَ ظَهْرِ أُمِّي أَوْ أُخْتِي وَ هُوَ يُرِيدُ بِذَلِكَ اَلظِّهَارَ ".

Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Ali ibn Ri'ab, from Zurara, who said: I asked Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s) about ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison). Imam (a.s) said: "Ẓihar applies only when a man likens his wife to someone who is permanently unlawful for him, such as his mother, sister, paternal aunt, or maternal aunt. Ẓihar does not occur through an oath." I asked: "How does it occur?" Imam (a.s) replied: "A man says to his wife, while she is in a state of purity and without having had intercourse with her, 'You are to me as unlawful as the back of my mother or my sister,' and he intends by this statement to make ẓihar."

وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ أَبَانٍ وَ غَيْرِهِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "كَانَ رَجُلٌ عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ يُقَالُ لَهُ أَوْسُ بْنُ اَلصَّامِتِ وَ كَانَتْ تَحْتَهُ اِمْرَأَةٌ يُقَالُ لَهَا خَوْلَةُ بِنْتُ اَلْمُنْذِرِ فَقَالَ لَهَا ذَاتَ يَوْمٍ أَنْتِ عَلَيَّ كَظَهْرِ أُمِّي ثُمَّ نَدِمَ مِنْ سَاعَتِهِ وَ قَالَ لَهَا أَيَّتُهَا اَلْمَرْأَةُ مَا أَظُنُّكِ إِلاَّ وَ قَدْ حَرُمْتِ عَلَيَّ فَجَاءَتْ إِلَى رَسُولِ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ فَقَالَتْ يَا رَسُولَ اَللَّهِ إِنَّ زَوْجِي قَالَ لِي أَنْتِ عَلَيَّ كَظَهْرِ أُمِّي وَ كَانَ هَذَا اَلْقَوْلُ فِيمَا مَضَى يُحَرِّمُ اَلْمَرْأَةَ عَلَى زَوْجِهَا فَقَالَ لَهَا رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ "أَيَّتُهَا اَلْمَرْأَةُ مَا أَظُنُّكِ إِلاَّ وَ قَدْ حَرُمْتِ عَلَيْهِ" فَرَفَعَتِ اَلْمَرْأَةُ يَدَهَا إِلَى اَلسَّمَاءِ فَقَالَتْ أَشْكُو إِلَيْكَ فِرَاقَ زَوْجِي فَأَنْزَلَ اَللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ يَا مُحَمَّدُ: قَدْ سَمِعَ اَللّٰهُ قَوْلَ اَلَّتِي تُجٰادِلُكَ فِي زَوْجِهٰا وَ تَشْتَكِي إِلَى اَللّٰهِ وَ اَللّٰهُ يَسْمَعُ تَحٰاوُرَكُمٰا إِنَّ اَللّٰهَ سَمِيعٌ بَصِيرٌ اَلَّذِينَ يُظٰاهِرُونَ مِنْكُمْ مِنْ نِسٰائِهِمْ مٰا هُنَّ أُمَّهٰاتِهِمْ إِنْ أُمَّهٰاتُهُمْ إِلاَّ اَللاّٰئِي وَلَدْنَهُمْ وَ إِنَّهُمْ لَيَقُولُونَ مُنْكَراً مِنَ اَلْقَوْلِ وَ زُوراً وَ إِنَّ اَللّٰهَ لَعَفُوٌّ غَفُورٌ ثُمَّ أَنْزَلَ اَللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ اَلْكَفَّارَةَ فِي ذَلِكَ فَقَالَ وَ اَلَّذِينَ يُظٰاهِرُونَ مِنْ نِسٰائِهِمْ ثُمَّ يَعُودُونَ لِمٰا قٰالُوا فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ يَتَمَاسّٰا ذٰلِكُمْ تُوعَظُونَ بِهِ وَ اَللّٰهُ بِمٰا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرٌ فَمَنْ لَمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيٰامُ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتٰابِعَيْنِ مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ يَتَمَاسّٰا فَمَنْ لَمْ يَسْتَطِعْ فَإِطْعٰامُ سِتِّينَ مِسْكِيناً ".

Muhammad ibn Abi Umayr narrated from Aban and others, from Abu Abdullah (a.s), who said: "During the time of the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family), there was a man named Aws ibn Al-Samit who was married to a woman named Khawlah bint Tha'labah. One day, he said to her: 'You are to me as the back of my mother.' He immediately regretted his words and said to her: 'O woman, I think you have become unlawful for me.' Khawlah went to the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family) and said: 'O Messenger of Allah (swt), my husband said to me, "You are to me as the back of my mother." This statement in the past used to make a wife unlawful for her husband.' The Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family) said to her: 'O woman, I think you have indeed become unlawful for him.' She then raised her hands to the sky and said: 'I complain to You (swt) about the separation from my husband.' Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic, revealed: 'Indeed, Allah (swt) has heard the statement of the woman who disputes with you concerning her husband and complains to Allah (swt). And Allah (swt) hears your dialogue; indeed, Allah (swt) is All-Hearing, All-Seeing. Those among you who declare their wives unlawful to them (by ẓihar) are not their mothers. Their mothers are none but those who gave birth to them. And indeed, they utter an evil statement and a falsehood. But indeed, Allah (swt) is Pardoning and Forgiving'" (Surah Al-Mujadilah 58:1-2). Then Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic, revealed the expiation for this, saying: 'And those who pronounce ẓihar from their wives and then wish to go back on what they said, must free a slave before they touch one another. This is what you are admonished with, and Allah (swt) is All-Aware of what you do. But whoever does not find [a slave to free] must fast for two consecutive months before they touch one another. And whoever is unable must feed sixty poor people'" (Surah Al-Mujadilah 58:3-4).

وَ رُوِيَ: "أَنَّهُ إِذَا لَمْ يَقْدِرْ عَلَى اَلْإِطْعَامِ تَصَدَّقَ بِمَا يُطِيقُ".

It is narrated: "If he is unable to provide the required feeding (it'ām), he should give charity (ṣadaqah) according to what he is capable of."

وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ أَبِي أَيُّوبَ اَلْخَزَّازِ عَنْ بُرَيْدِ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ ظَاهَرَ مِنِ اِمْرَأَتِهِ ثُمَّ طَلَّقَهَا تَطْلِيقَةً قَالَ "إِذَا هُوَ طَلَّقَهَا تَطْلِيقَةً فَقَدْ بَطَلَ اَلظِّهَارُ وَ هَدَمَ اَلطَّلاَقُ اَلظِّهَارَ" فَقُلْتُ لَهُ فَلَهُ أَنْ يُرَاجِعَهَا قَالَ "نَعَمْ هِيَ اِمْرَأَتُهُ فَإِنْ رَاجَعَهَا وَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ مَا يَجِبُ عَلَى اَلْمُظَاهِرِ "مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ يَتَمَاسّٰا" " قُلْتُ فَإِنْ تَرَكَهَا حَتَّى يَحِلَّ أَجَلُهَا وَ تَمْلِكَ نَفْسَهَا ثُمَّ تَزَوَّجَهَا بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ هَلْ يَلْزَمُهُ اَلظِّهَارُ "مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ يَتَمَاسّٰا" قَالَ "لاَ قَدْ بَانَتْ مِنْهُ وَ مَلَكَتْ نَفْسَهَا" قُلْتُ فَإِنْ ظَاهَرَ مِنْهَا فَلَمْ يَمَسَّهَا وَ تَرَكَهَا لاَ يَمَسَّهَا إِلاَّ أَنَّهُ يَرَاهَا مُتَجَرِّدَةً مِنْ غَيْرِ أَنْ يَمَسَّهَا هَلْ يَلْزَمُهُ فِي ذَلِكَ شَيْءٌ قَالَ "هِيَ اِمْرَأَتُهُ وَ لَيْسَ بِمُحَرَّمٍ عَلَيْهِ مُجَامَعَتُهَا وَ لَكِنْ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ مَا يَجِبُ عَلَى اَلْمُظَاهِرِ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُجَامِعَهَا وَ هِيَ اِمْرَأَتُهُ " قُلْتُ فَإِنْ رَفَعَتْهُ إِلَى اَلسُّلْطَانِ فَقَالَتْ إِنَّ هَذَا زَوْجِي قَدْ ظَاهَرَ مِنِّي وَ قَدْ أَمْسَكَنِي لاَ يَمَسُّنِي مَخَافَةَ أَنْ يَجِبَ عَلَيْهِ مَا يَجِبُ عَلَى اَلْمُظَاهِرِ فَقَالَ "لَيْسَ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يُجْبِرَهُ عَلَى اَلْعِتْقِ وَ اَلصِّيَامِ وَ اَلْإِطْعَامِ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ مَا يُعْتِقُ وَ لاَ يَقْوَى عَلَى اَلصِّيَامِ وَ لاَ يَجِدُ مَا يَتَصَدَّقُ بِهِ وَ إِنْ كَانَ يَقْدِرُ عَلَى أَنْ يُعْتِقَ فَإِنَّ عَلَى اَلْإِمَامِ أَنْ يُجْبِرَهُ عَلَى اَلْعِتْقِ وَ اَلصَّدَقَةِ مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ يَمَسَّهَا وَ مِنْ بَعْدِ أَنْ يَمَسَّهَا".

Ibn Mahbub narrated from Abu Ayyub Al-Khazzaz, from Burayd ibn Mu'awiyah, who said: I asked Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s) about a man who declared ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison) against his wife and then divorced her with one divorce. Imam (a.s) said: "If he divorces her with one divorce, the ẓihar becomes nullified, and the divorce cancels the ẓihar." I asked: "Can he take her back?" Imam (a.s) replied: "Yes, she is still his wife. However, if he takes her back, he must fulfill the obligation required of one who has performed ẓihar before engaging in intercourse with her." I asked: "If he leaves her until her waiting period (iddah) ends and she gains full control over herself, and then he marries her again afterward, is he still bound by the previous ẓihar before engaging in intercourse?" Imam (a.s) replied: "No, she has been completely separated from him and has gained control over herself." I asked: "If he declared ẓihar against her but did not have intercourse with her and left her without touching her, although he still saw her uncovered, does anything become obligatory upon him in this case?" Imam (a.s) said: "She is his wife, and it is not forbidden for him to have intercourse with her. However, he must fulfill what is required of one who has performed ẓihar before having intercourse with her, as she remains his wife." I asked: "If she complains to the authorities, saying, 'This is my husband who has declared ẓihar against me but holds on to me without touching me out of fear of the obligation that comes with ẓihar,' what is to be done?" Imam (a.s) said: "It is not obligatory for the authority to compel him to free a slave, fast, or feed the poor if he has nothing to free, cannot fast, and does not have the means to give charity. However, if he is capable of freeing a slave, then it is upon the Imam to compel him to free a slave or give charity before he touches her or after he has done so."

وَ رَوَى أَبَانٌ عَنِ اَلْحَسَنِ اَلصَّيْقَلِ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يُظَاهِرُ مِنِ اِمْرَأَتِهِ قَالَ "فَيُكَفِّرُ" قُلْتُ فَإِنَّهُ وَاقَعَ مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ يُكَفِّرَ قَالَ "فَقَدْ أَتَى حَدّاً مِنْ حُدُودِ اَللَّهِ فَلْيَسْتَغْفِرِ اَللَّهَ وَ لْيَكُفَّ حَتَّى يُكَفِّرَ ".

Aban narrated from Al-Hasan Al-Sayqal who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s) about a man who performs ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison) against his wife. Imam (a.s) said: "He must offer expiation." I asked: "What if he engages in intercourse with her before offering expiation?" Imam (a.s) replied: "Then he has violated one of Allah's (swt) limits. He must seek Allah's (swt) forgiveness and abstain until he fulfills the expiation."

وَ رَوَى حَمَّادٌ عَنِ اَلْحَلَبِيِّ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ ظَاهَرَ مِنِ اِمْرَأَتِهِ ثَلاَثَ مَرَّاتٍ فَقَالَ "يُكَفِّرُ ثَلاَثَ مَرَّاتٍ" قُلْتُ إِنْ وَاقَعَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُكَفِّرَ قَالَ "يَسْتَغْفِرُ اَللَّهَ وَ يُمْسِكُ حَتَّى يُكَفِّرَ".

Hammad narrated from Al-Halabi who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s) about a man who declared ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison) against his wife three times. Imam (a.s) said: "He must offer expiation three times." I asked: "What if he engages in intercourse with her before offering the expiation?" Imam (a.s) replied: "He must seek Allah's (swt) forgiveness and abstain until he completes the expiation."

وَ - سَأَلَهُ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ: عَنْ رَجُلٍ ظَاهَرَ مِنِ اِمْرَأَتِهِ خَمْسَ مَرَّاتٍ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ فَقَالَ "قَالَ عَلِيٌّ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "مَكَانَ كُلِّ مَرَّةٍ كَفَّارَةٌ" ".

Muhammad ibn Muslim asked Imam (a.s) about a man who declared ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison) against his wife five times or more. Imam (a.s) replied: "Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s) said: 'For every instance, there is a separate expiation.'"