Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَنَّهُ قَالَ قَالَ: "مَا لِلنِّسَاءِ وَ اَلتَّخْيِيرَ إِنَّمَا ذَلِكَ شَيْءٌ خَصَّ اَللَّهُ بِهِ نَبِيَّهُ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ ".

Muhammad ibn Muslim narrated from Abu Abdullah (a.s) that he said: "What do women have to do with takhyīr (being given the choice in divorce)? That is something which Allah specifically granted to His Prophet (may Allah bless him and his family)."

رَوَى حَمَّادٌ عَنِ اَلْحَلَبِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "اَلْمُبَارَأَةُ أَنْ تَقُولَ اَلْمَرْأَةُ لِزَوْجِهَا لَكَ مَا عَلَيْكَ وَ اُتْرُكْنِي فَتَرَكَهَا إِلاَّ أَنَّهُ يَقُولُ لَهَا إِنِ اِرْتَجَعْتِ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْهُ فَأَنَا أَمْلَكُ بِبُضْعِكِ". وَ رُوِيَ: "أَنَّهُ لاَ يَنْبَغِي لَهُ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ مِنْهَا أَكْثَرَ مِنْ مَهْرِهَا بَلْ يَأْخُذُ مِنْهَا دُونَ مَهْرِهَا وَ اَلْمُبَارَأَةُ لاَ رَجْعَةَ لِزَوْجِهَا عَلَيْهَا".

Hammad narrated from Al-Halabi, from Abu Abdullah (a.s), who said: "Mutual separation (mubara'ah) is when a woman says to her husband, 'You are free from any obligation I have upon you, so leave me,' and he leaves her. However, he should say to her, 'If you reclaim anything from what you have given up, then I have authority over you.'" It is also narrated: "It is not appropriate for him to take more from her than her dowry; rather, he should take less than her dowry. In mutual separation (mubara'ah), the husband has no right to take her back."

وَ رَوَى حَمَّادٌ عَنِ اَلْحَلَبِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ قَوْلِ اَللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ: فَابْعَثُوا حَكَماً مِنْ أَهْلِهِ وَ حَكَماً مِنْ أَهْلِهٰا قَالَ "لَيْسَ لِلْحَكَمَيْنِ أَنْ يُفَرِّقَا حَتَّى يَسْتَأْمِرَا اَلرَّجُلَ وَ اَلْمَرْأَةَ وَ يَشْتَرِطَانِ عَلَيْهِمَا إِنْ شَاءَا جَمَعَا وَ إِنْ شَاءَا فَرَّقَا فَإِنْ جَمَعَا فَجَائِزٌ وَ إِنْ فَرَّقَا فَجَائِزٌ".

Hammad narrated from Al-Halabi, from Abu Abdullah (a.s), who said: I asked him about the saying of Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic: "Appoint an arbitrator from his family and an arbitrator from her family" (Surah An-Nisa 4:35). Imam (a.s) said: "The two arbitrators do not have the authority to separate the couple until they consult both the husband and the wife and set conditions upon them. If they both agree, they may choose to reconcile or separate. If they choose to reconcile, it is valid, and if they choose to separate, it is also valid."

وَ رَوَى اَلْقَاسِمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ اَلْجَوْهَرِيُّ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي حَمْزَةَ قَالَ: سُئِلَ أَبُو إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلْمَرْأَةِ يَكُونُ لَهَا زَوْجٌ قَدْ أُصِيبَ فِي عَقْلِهِ بَعْدَ مَا تَزَوَّجَهَا أَوْ عَرَضَ لَهُ جُنُونٌ فَقَالَ "لَهَا أَنْ تَنْزِعَ نَفْسَهَا مِنْهُ إِنْ شَاءَتْ ".

Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad Al-Jawhari narrated from Ali ibn Abi Hamzah who said: Abu Ibrahim (Imam Musa ibn Jafar Al-Kadhim (a.s)) was asked about a woman whose husband lost his sanity after marrying her or developed insanity. Imam (a.s) said: "She has the right to separate herself from him if she wishes."

وَ فِي خَبَرٍ آخَرَ: "أَنَّهُ إِنْ بَلَغَ بِهِ اَلْجُنُونُ مَبْلَغاً لاَ يَعْرِفُ أَوْقَاتَ اَلصَّلاَةِ فُرِّقَ بَيْنَهُمَا فَإِنْ عَرَفَ أَوْقَاتَ اَلصَّلاَةِ فَلْتَصْبِرِ اَلْمَرْأَةُ مَعَهُ فَقَدْ بُلِيَتْ ".

And in another narration: "If his insanity reaches the point where he no longer recognizes the times of prayer, they are to be separated. However, if he still recognizes the times of prayer, the woman should remain patient with him, for she has been tested."

رَوَى عَلِيُّ بْنُ اَلنُّعْمَانِ عَنْ يَعْقُوبَ بْنِ شُعَيْبٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: "فِي اَلْخُلْعِ إِذَا قَالَتْ لَهُ لاَ أَغْتَسِلُ لَكَ مِنْ جَنَابَةٍ وَ لاَ أُبِرُّ لَكَ قَسَماً وَ لَأُوطِئَنَّ فِرَاشَكَ مَنْ تَكْرَهُهُ فَإِذَا قَالَتْ لَهُ هَذَا حَلَّ لَهُ أَنْ يَخْلَعَهَا وَ حَلَّ لَهُ مَا أَخَذَ مِنْهَا".

Ali ibn Al-Nu'man narrated from Ya'qub ibn Shu'ayb, from Abu Abdullah (a.s), who said: "In the case of khulʿ (divorce initiated by the wife with compensation), if a woman says to her husband, 'I will not perform ghusl (ritual purification) for you after intimacy, I will not honor your oaths, and I will bring into your bed someone you dislike,' then when she says this to him, it becomes permissible for him to divorce her through khulʿ, and it is lawful for him to take from her what he has taken."

وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ حَمَّادٍ عَنِ اَلْحَلَبِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "عِدَّةُ اَلْمُخْتَلِعَةِ عِدَّةُ اَلْمُطَلَّقَةِ وَ خُلْعُهَا طَلاَقُهَا وَ هِيَ تُجْزِي مِنْ غَيْرِ أَنْ يُسَمِّيَ طَلاَقاً وَ اَلْمُخْتَلِعَةُ لاَ يَحِلُّ خُلْعُهَا حَتَّى تَقُولَ لِزَوْجِهَا وَ اَللَّهِ لاَ أُبِرُّ لَكَ قَسَماً وَ لاَ أُطِيعُ لَكَ أَمْراً وَ لاَ أَغْتَسِلُ لَكَ مِنْ جَنَابَةٍ وَ لَأُوطِئَنَّ فِرَاشَكَ وَ لَأُوذِنَنَّ عَلَيْكَ بِغَيْرِ إِذْنِكَ وَ قَدْ كَانَ اَلنَّاسُ عِنْدَهُ يُرَخِّصُونَ فِيمَا دُونَ هَذَا فَإِذَا قَالَتِ اَلْمَرْأَةُ ذَلِكَ لِزَوْجِهَا حَلَّ لَهُ مَا أَخَذَ مِنْهَا وَ كَانَتْ عِنْدَهُ عَلَى تَطْلِيقَتَيْنِ بَاقِيَتَيْنِ وَ كَانَ اَلْخُلْعُ تَطْلِيقَةً" وَ قَالَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "يَكُونُ اَلْكَلاَمُ مِنْ عِنْدِهَا". يَعْنِي مِنْ غَيْرِ أَنْ تُعَلَّمَ.

In the narration of Hammad from Al-Halabi, from Abu Abdullah (a.s), he said: "The waiting period (iddah) of a woman who undergoes khulʿ is the same as that of a divorced woman. Her khulʿ counts as her divorce, and it suffices even if it is not explicitly called a divorce. However, khulʿ is not valid for a woman until she says to her husband, 'By Allah (swt), I will not honor your oath, I will not obey your command, I will not perform ghusl for you after intimacy, I will indeed bring someone you dislike into your bed, and I will allow others to enter upon you without your permission.' Previously, people used to permit khulʿ for less than this, but when a woman says this to her husband, it becomes lawful for him to take from her what he has taken, and she will remain with him with two remaining divorce opportunities. The khulʿ counts as one divorce." Imam (a.s) also said: "These words must come from her," meaning without being instructed to say them.

وَ سَأَلَهُ رِفَاعَةُ بْنُ مُوسَى: عَنِ اَلْمُخْتَلِعَةِ أَ لَهَا سُكْنَى وَ نَفَقَةٌ فَقَالَ "لاَ سُكْنَى لَهَا وَ لاَ نَفَقَةٌ " وَ سُئِلَ عَنِ اَلْمُخْتَلِعَةِ أَ لَهَا مُتْعَةٌ فَقَالَ "لاَ".

Rifa'ah ibn Musa asked Him (a.s) about a woman who undergoes khulʿ (divorce initiated by the wife with compensation), whether she is entitled to housing and maintenance. Imam (a.s) replied: "She has no housing and no maintenance." Imam (a.s) was also asked whether a woman who undergoes khulʿ is entitled to any compensation (mutah). Imam (a.s) said: "No."

وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ حُمْرَانَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: "إِذَا قَالَتِ اَلْمَرْأَةُ لِزَوْجِهَا جُمْلَةً لاَ أُطِيعُ لَكَ أَمْراً مُفَسِّرَةً أَوْ غَيْرَ مُفَسِّرَةٍ حَلَّ لَهُ مَا أَخَذَ مِنْهَا وَ لَيْسَ لَهُ عَلَيْهَا رَجْعَةٌ".

In the narration of Muhammad ibn Humran from Muhammad ibn Muslim, from Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (a.s), that Imam (a.s) said: "If a woman says to her husband, in any form, 'I will not obey any of your commands,' whether she explains it in detail or not, it becomes permissible for him to take what he has taken from her, and he has no right to take her back."

رَوَى حَمَّادٌ عَنِ اَلْحَلَبِيِّ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يَهْجُرُ اِمْرَأَتَهُ مِنْ غَيْرِ طَلاَقٍ وَ لاَ يَمِينٍ سَنَةً فَلاَ يَأْتِي فِرَاشَهَا قَالَ "لِيَأْتِ أَهْلَهُ" وَ قَالَ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ "أَيُّمَا رَجُلٍ آلَى مِنِ اِمْرَأَتِهِ وَ اَلْإِيلاَءُ أَنْ يَقُولَ وَ اَللَّهِ لاَ أُجَامِعُكِ كَذَا وَ كَذَا وَ اَللَّهِ لَأَغِيظَنَّكِ ثُمَّ يُغَايِظَهَا فَإِنَّهُ يُتَرَبَّصُ بِهِ أَرْبَعَةَ أَشْهُرٍ ثُمَّ يُؤْخَذُ بَعْدَ اَلْأَرْبَعَةِ اَلْأَشْهُرِ فَيُوقَفُ فَإِنْ فَاءَ وَ هُوَ أَنْ يُصَالِحَ أَهْلَهُ "فَإِنَّ اَللّٰهَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ" وَ إِنْ لَمْ يَفِئْ أُجْبِرَ عَلَى اَلطَّلاَقِ وَ لاَ يَقَعُ بَيْنَهُمَا طَلاَقٌ حَتَّى يُوقَفَ وَ إِنْ كَانَ أَيْضاً بَعْدَ اَلْأَرْبَعَةِ اَلْأَشْهُرِ ثُمَّ يُجْبَرُ عَلَى أَنْ يَفِيءَ أَوْ يُطَلِّقَ". وَ رُوِيَ: "أَنَّهُ إِنْ فَاءَ وَ هُوَ أَنْ يَرْجِعَ إِلَى اَلْجِمَاعِ وَ إِلاَّ حُبِسَ فِي حَظِيرَةٍ مِنْ قَصَبٍ وَ شُدِّدَ عَلَيْهِ فِي اَلْمَأْكَلِ وَ اَلْمَشْرَبِ حَتَّى يُطَلِّقَ ". وَ قَدْ رُوِيَ: "أَنَّهُ مَتَى أَمَرَهُ إِمَامُ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ بِالطَّلاَقِ فَامْتَنَعَ ضُرِبَتْ عُنُقُهُ لاِمْتِنَاعِهِ عَلَى إِمَامِ اَلْمُسْلِمِينَ ".

Hammad narrated from Al-Halabi who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s) about a man who abandons his wife without divorcing her or taking an oath, leaving her for a year without approaching her bed. Imam (a.s) said: "He must return to his wife." Imam (a.s) also said: "Any man who swears an oath (ilaʾ) against his wife-ilaʾ being when he says, 'By Allah (swt), I will not have relations with you for such and such time' or 'By Allah (swt), I will anger you,' and then he continues to upset her, he is to be given four months. After those four months, he will be brought forward. If he reconciles with his wife, which means returning to her, then 'Indeed, Allah (swt) is Forgiving, Merciful' (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:226). But if he does not reconcile, he will be forced to divorce her. However, no divorce will occur between them until he is brought forward, and even after the four months, he will be compelled either to reconcile or to divorce." It is also narrated: "If he reconciles, meaning he returns to marital relations, then so be it. Otherwise, he will be imprisoned in a pen made of reeds and will be subjected to hardship in food and drink until he divorces her." Additionally, it is narrated: "Whenever the Imam of the Muslims commands him to divorce and he refuses, his neck shall be struck (execution) due to his defiance against the authority of the Imam of the Muslims."