Content
The Chapter on Tayammum (dry ablution)
قال الله عز وجل: " وَإِن كُنتُم مَّرْضَىٰٓ أَوْ عَلَىٰ سَفَرٍ أَوْ جَآءَ أَحَدٌۭ مِّنكُم مِّنَ ٱلْغَآئِطِ أَوْ لَـٰمَسْتُمُ ٱلنِّسَآءَ فَلَمْ تَجِدُوا۟ مَآءًۭ فَتَيَمَّمُوا۟ صَعِيدًۭا طَيِّبًۭا فَٱمْسَحُوا۟ بِوُجُوهِكُمْ وَأَيْدِيكُم مِّنْهُ ۚ مَا يُرِيدُ ٱللَّهُ لِيَجْعَلَ عَلَيْكُم مِّنْ حَرَجٍۢ وَلَـٰكِن يُرِيدُ لِيُطَهِّرَكُمْ وَلِيُتِمَّ نِعْمَتَهُۥ عَلَيْكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ
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Allah (swt), the Exalted, said:
"And if you are ill, or on a journey, or one of you comes from relieving himself, or you have touched women and you do not find water, then seek clean earth and wipe over your faces and hands with it. Allah (swt) does not intend to make difficulty for you, but He intends to purify you and complete His favour upon you so that you may be grateful." (Surah Al-Ma’idah 5:6).
212 - وَقَالَ زُرَارَةُ: قُلْتُ لِأَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ أَ لاَ تُخْبِرُنِي مِنْ أَيْنَ عَلِمْتَ وَ قُلْتَ إِنَّ اَلْمَسْحَ بِبَعْضِ اَلرَّأْسِ وَ بَعْضِ اَلرِّجْلَيْنِ فَضَحِكَ وَقَالَ «يَا زُرَارَةُ قَالَهُ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ وَ نَزَلَ بِهِ اَلْكِتَابُ مِنَ اَللَّهِ لِأَنَّ اَللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ قَالَ: « فَاغْسِلُوا وُجُوهَكُمْ »
فَعَرَفْنَا أَنَّ اَلْوَجْهَ كُلَّهُ يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يُغْسَلَ ثُمَّ قَالَ « وَ أَيْدِيَكُمْ إِلَى اَلْمَرٰافِقِ » فَوَصَلَ اَلْيَدَيْنِ إِلَى اَلْمِرْفَقَيْنِ بِالْوَجْهِ فَعَرَفْنَا أَنَّهُ يَنْبَغِي لَهُمَا أَنْ يُغْسَلاَ إِلَى اَلْمِرْفَقَيْنِ ثُمَّ فَصَّلَ بَيْنَ اَلْكَلاَمِ فَقَالَ: « وَ اِمْسَحُوا بِرُؤُسِكُمْ » فَعَرَفْنَا حِينَ قَالَ « بِرُؤُسِكُمْ » أَنَّ اَلْمَسْحَ بِبَعْضِ اَلرَّأْسِ لِمَكَانِ اَلْبَاءِ ثُمَّ وَصَلَ اَلرِّجْلَيْنِ بِالرَّأْسِ كَمَا وَصَلَ اَلْيَدَيْنِ بِالْوَجْهِ فَقَالَ: « وَ أَرْجُلَكُمْ إِلَى اَلْكَعْبَيْنِ » فَعَرَفْنَا حِينَ وَصَلَهُمَا بِالرَّأْسِ أَنَّ اَلْمَسْحَ عَلَى بَعْضِهِمَا ثُمَّ فَسَّرَ ذَلِكَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ لِلنَّاسِ فَضَيَّعُوهُ ثُمَّ قَالَ: « فَلَمْ تَجِدُوا مٰاءً فَتَيَمَّمُوا صَعِيداً طَيِّباً فَامْسَحُوا بِوُجُوهِكُمْ » فَلَمَّا أَنْ وَضَعَ اَلْوُضُوءَ عَمَّنْ لَمْ يَجِدِ اَلْمَاءَ أَثْبَتَ بَعْضَ اَلْغَسْلِ مَسْحاً لِأَنَّهُ قَالَ «بِوُجُوهِكُمْ»
ثُمَّ وَصَلَ بِهَا: «وَ أَيْدِيكُمْ مِنْهُ» أَيْ مِنْ ذَلِكَ اَلتَّيَمُّمِ لِأَنَّهُ عَلِمَ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ أَجْمَعَ لَمْ يَجْرِ عَلَى اَلْوَجْهِ لِأَنَّهُ يَعْلَقُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ اَلصَّعِيدِ بِبَعْضِ اَلْكَفِّ وَ لاَ يَعْلَقُ بِبَعْضِهَا ثُمَّ قَالَ اَللَّهُ « مٰا يُرِيدُ اَللّٰهُ لِيَجْعَلَ عَلَيْكُمْ مِنْ حَرَجٍ » وَ اَلْحَرَجُ اَلضِّيقُ.
Hadith.212 – From Zurarah, he asked Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as):
'Would you not inform me from where you derived and said that wiping is done on part of the head and part of the feet?'
Imam (as) smiled and said: 'O’ Zurarah, it was stated by the Messenger of Allah (sw) and it was revealed in the Book of Allah (swt). Allah (swt), the Exalted, said: "So wash your faces" (Qur'an 5:6). Thus, we understood that the entire face must be washed.
Then Imam (as) said: "and your hands up to the elbows." He connected the hands up to the elbows with the face, so we understood that they must be washed up to the elbows.
Then, He separated between the statements and said: "and wipe your heads." Thus, we understood from "your heads" that wiping is done on part of the head due to the use of "bi" (preposition indicating partiality).
Then, He connected the feet to the head just as He connected the hands to the face and said: "and your feet up to the ankles." So, we understood, by connecting them to the head, that wiping is done on part of them.'
He continued: 'The Messenger of Allah (sw) explained this to the people, but they neglected it.
Then Allah (swt) said: "If you do not find water, then seek clean earth and wipe over your faces and hands with it." Thus, when He waived the requirement of wudu for one who does not find water, He replaced some of the washing with wiping, as He said, "with your faces."
Then He connected it with: "and your hands from it," meaning from that tayammum, because He knew that not all of the dust would reach the face, as some of it would adhere to part of the hand and not all of it.
Then Allah (swt) said: "Allah (swt) does not intend to make difficulty for you," and difficulty means constraint.'"
213 - وَقَالَ زُرَارَةُ قَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: «قَالَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ ذَاتَ يَوْمٍ لِعَمَّارٍ فِي سَفَرٍ لَهُ «يَا عَمَّارُ بَلَغَنَا أَنَّكَ أَجْنَبْتَ فَكَيْفَ صَنَعْتَ» قَالَ تَمَرَّغْتُ يَا رَسُولَ اَللَّهِ فِي اَلتُّرَابِ قَالَ فَقَالَ لَهُ «كَذَلِكَ يَتَمَرَّغُ اَلْحِمَارُ أَ فَلاَ صَنَعْتَ كَذَا» ثُمَّ أَهْوَى بِيَدَيْهِ إِلَى اَلْأَرْضِ فَوَضَعَهُمَا عَلَى اَلصَّعِيدِ ثُمَّ مَسَحَ جَبِينَيْهِ بِأَصَابِعِهِ وَ كَفَّيْهِ إِحْدَاهُمَا بِالْأُخْرَى ثُمَّ لَمْ يُعِدْ ذَلِكَ.
Hadith.213 - From Zurarah, he narrates that Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as), said:
'One day, the Messenger of Allah (sw) said to Ammar while on a journey, "O’ Ammar, it has reached us that you became junub (ritually impure due to sexual discharge). What did you do?"
Ammar replied: "I rolled in the dirt, O’ Messenger of Allah (sw)."
The Prophet then said to him, "This is how a donkey rolls. You should have done this instead." He then placed his hands on the clean earth, wiped his forehead with his fingers, and then wiped the back of each hand with the other hand, and he did not repeat it ’.
214 - وَ سَأَلَ عُبَيْدُ اَللَّهِ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ اَلْحَلَبِيُّ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ إِذَا أَجْنَبَ وَ لَمْ يَجِدِ اَلْمَاءَ قَالَ «يَتَيَمَّمُ بِالصَّعِيدِ فَإِذَا وَجَدَ اَلْمَاءَ فَلْيَغْتَسِلْ وَ لاَ يُعِيدُ اَلصَّلاَةَ»
وَ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يَمُرُّ بِالرَّكِيَّةِ وَ لَيْسَ مَعَهُ دَلْوٌ قَالَ «لَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَدْخُلَ اَلرَّكِيَّةَ لِأَنَّ رَبَّ اَلْمَاءِ هُوَ رَبُّ اَلْأَرْضِ فَلْيَتَيَمَّمْ»
وَ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يُجْنِبُ وَ مَعَهُ قَدْرُ مَا يَكْفِيهِ مِنَ اَلْمَاءِ لِوُضُوءِ اَلصَّلاَةِ أَ يَتَوَضَّأُ بِالْمَاءِ أَوْ يَتَيَمَّمُ قَالَ «لاَ بَلْ يَتَيَمَّمُ أَ لاَ تَرَى أَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا جُعِلَ عَلَيْهِ نِصْفُ اَلْوُضُوءِ.
Hadith.214 - Ubaidullah ibn Ali Al-Halabi asked Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (as) about a man who becomes junub (ritually impure due to sexual discharge) and does not find water.
Imam (as) said: 'He should perform tayammum with clean earth (sa’eed), and when he finds water, he should perform ghusl, but he does not need to repeat the prayer.'
He also asked about a man who passes by a well but does not have a bucket with him.
Imam (as) said: 'He is not required to enter the well because the Lord (azj) of the water is also the Lord (azj) of the earth, so he should perform tayammum.'.
He asked further about a man who becomes junub and has only enough water to perform wudu (ablution) for prayer; should he use the water for wudu or perform tayammum?
Imam (as) said: 'No, he should perform tayammum. Do you not see that only half of wudu is required of him?'
215 - وَقَالَ زُرَارَةُ وَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ: قُلْنَا لِأَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ رَجُلٌ لَمْ يُصِبْ مَاءً وَ حَضَرَتِ اَلصَّلاَةُ فَتَيَمَّمَ وَ صَلَّى رَكْعَتَيْنِ ثُمَّ أَصَابَ اَلْمَاءَ أَ يَنْقُضُ اَلرَّكْعَتَيْنِ أَوْ يَقْطَعُهُمَا وَ يَتَوَضَّأُ ثُمَّ يُصَلِّي قَالَ «لاَ وَ لَكِنَّهُ يَمْضِي فِي صَلاَتِهِ فَيُتِمُّهَا وَ لاَ يَنْقُضُهَا لِمَكَانِ اَلْمَاءِ لِأَنَّهُ دَخَلَهَا وَ هُوَ عَلَى طُهْرٍ بِتَيَمُّمٍ» وَقَالَ زُرَارَةُ قُلْتُ لَهُ دَخَلَهَا وَ هُوَ مُتَيَمِّمٌ فَصَلَّى رَكْعَةً ثُمَّ أَحْدَثَ فَأَصَابَ مَاءً قَالَ «يَخْرُجُ فَيَتَوَضَّأُ ثُمَّ يَبْنِي عَلَى مَا مَضَى مِنْ صَلاَتِهِ اَلَّتِي صَلَّى بِالتَّيَمُّمِ.
Hadith.215 – Zurarah and Muhammad ibn Muslim said: We asked Abu Ja'far (as) about a man who does not find water, and the time for prayer arrives, so he performs tayammum and prays two rak'ahs. Then he finds water. Should he invalidate the two rak'ahs, does he interrupt them, perform wudu, and then repeat the prayer?
Imam (as) said: 'No, he should continue his prayer and complete it, and the presence of water does not invalidate it because he entered into it while in a state of purity through tayammum.'
Zurarah also said: I asked him about a person who entered the prayer with tayammum, prayed one rak'ah, then broke his wudu and now has also found water.
Imam (as) said: 'He should go out, perform wudu, and then continue from where he left off in the prayer that he began with tayammum.'
216 - وَ سَأَلَ عَمَّارُ بْنُ مُوسَى اَلسَّابَاطِيُّ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: عَنِ اَلتَّيَمُّمِ مِنَ اَلْوُضُوءِ وَ مِنَ اَلْجَنَابَةِ وَ مِنَ اَلْحَيْضِ لِلنِّسَاءِ سَوَاءٌ فَقَالَ «نَعَمْ.
Hadith.216 - Ammar ibn Musa al-Sabati asked Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (as) about tayammum for wudu (ablution), janabah (major ritual impurity), and menstruation for women.
Imam (as) said: 'Yes, it is the same.'
217 - وَ سَأَلَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يَكُونُ بِهِ اَلْقُرُوحُ وَ اَلْجِرَاحَاتُ فَيُجْنِبُ فَقَالَ «لاَ بَأْسَ بِأَنْ يَتَيَمَّمَ وَ لاَ يَغْتَسِلَ.
Hadith.217 - Muhammad ibn Muslim asked Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as) about a man who has sores and wounds and becomes junub (ritually impure due to sexual discharge).
Imam (as) said: 'There is no harm if he performs tayammum and does not make ghusl (ritual bath).'
218 - وَقَالَ اَلصَّادِقُ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: «اَلْمَبْطُونُ وَ اَلْكَسِيرُ يُؤَمَّمَانِ وَ لاَ يُغَسَّلاَنِ.
Hadith.218 - Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (as) said:
'One who is suffering from a severe stomach illness or has broken bones should perform tayammum and should not perform ghusl (ritual bathing).'.
219 - وَ قِيلَ لِرَسُولِ اَللَّهِ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِهِ يَا رَسُولَ اَللَّهِ إِنَّ فُلاَناً أَصَابَتْهُ جَنَابَةٌ وَ هُوَ مَجْدُورٌ فَغَسَّلُوهُ فَمَاتَ فَقَالَ «قَتَلُوهُ أَلاَّ سَأَلُوا أَلاَّ يَمَّمُوهُ إِنَّ شِفَاءَ اَلْعِيِّ اَلسُّؤَالُ.
Hadith.219 - It was said to the Messenger of Allah (sw):
'O’ Messenger of Allah (sw), so-and-so became junub (ritually impure due to sexual discharge) and had smallpox, so they washed him and he died.'
Imam (as) said: 'They killed him! Why did they not ask? Why did they not perform tayammum for him? Surely, the cure for ignorance is asking questions.'
220 - وَ سُئِلَ اَلصَّادِقُ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ: عَنْ مَجْدُورٍ أَصَابَتْهُ جَنَابَةٌ فَقَالَ «إِنْ كَانَ أَجْنَبَ هُوَ فَلْيَغْتَسِلْ وَ إِنْ كَانَ اِحْتَلَمَ فَلْيَتَيَمَّمْ.
Hadith.220 - It was asked of Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (as) was asked about a man with smallpox who became junub (ritually impure due to sexual discharge).
Imam (as) said: 'If he became junub (through intercourse), he should perform ghusl, but if he had a nocturnal emission (i.e., he experienced it while sleeping), he should perform tayammum.'.
