Maʿānī al-ʾAkhbār

أبي - رحمه الله - قال: حدثنا سعد بن عبد الله، عن محمد بن الحسين، عن صفوان ابن يحيى، عن عبد الرحمن بن الحجاج، عن أبي عبد الله عليه السلام قال: سألته عن الحميل فقال: وأي شئ الحميل، فقلت: المرأة تسبى من أرضها معها الولد الصغير فتقول هو ابني والرجل يسبى ويلقي أخاه فيقول هو أخي ليس لهما بينة إلا قولهما. قال: فما يقول فيه الناس عندكم؟ قلت: لا يورثونهم إذا لم يكن لهما على ولادتهما بينة إنما كانت ولادة في الشرك. فقال: سبحان الله إذا جاءت بابنها أو ابنتها لم تزل مقرة به وإذا عرف أخاه وكان ذلك في صحة منهما لم يزالوا مقرين بذلك ورث بعضهم بعضا.

1. We were told by my father, may Allah grant him mercy, that he said: We were told by Sa’d bin Abdullah, from Muhammed bin Hussain, from Safwan ibn Yahya, from Abdul-Rahman bin Hajjaj, from Abu Abdillah, peace be upon him, that he said: I asked him about the hameel, and he said: And what thing is hameel? I said: A woman who is taken as captive from her land and with her is a small child, and so she says: «He is my son», and a man who is taken as captive and meets his brother, and so he says: «He is my brother», while they have no proof except for their saying. He said: And what do the people among you say? I said: That they do not pass on inheritance to them if they have no proof of their birth; that the birth was only in a period of polytheism. He said: Glory be to Allah (how strange that is). If she brings her son or daughter, and she does not cease from declare it, and if the man recognizes his brother and it would be by the declaration of both as correct, and they do not cease to declare that, they will inherit each other.

أخبرني أبو الحسين محمد بن هارون الزنجاني، قال: حدثنا علي بن عبد العزيز، عن أبي عبيد قال: في حديث النبي صلى الله عليه وآله في قوم يخرجون من النار فينبتون كما تنبت الحبة في حميل السيل. قال الأصمعي: الحميل ما حمله السيل من كل شئ وكل محمول فهو حميل كما يقال للمقتول: " قتيل " ومنه قول عمر في الحميل: " لا يورث إلا ببينة " وسمي حميلا لأنه حمل من بلاده صغيرا ولم يولد في الاسلام. قال الأصمعي وأما الحبة فكل نبت له حب فاسم الحب منه الحبة. وقال الفراء: الحبة بزور البقل. وقال أبو عبيد: وفي الحميل تفسير آخر وهو أجود من هذا يقال: إنما سمي الحميل لأنه مجهول النسب وهو أن يقول الرجل هذا أخي أو أبي أو ابني فلا يصدق إلا ببينة لأنه يريد بذلك أن يدفع ميراث مولاه الذي أعتقه ولهذا قيل للدعي: " حميل " قال: الكميت يعاتب قضاعة في تحولهم إلى اليمن: على م نزلتم من غير فقر * ولا ضراء منزلة الحميل

I was informed by Abu’l-Hasan, Muhammed bin Harun al-Zanjani, that he said: We were told by Ali bin Abdul-Aziz, from Abu Ubaid, that he said with regards to the narration of the Prophet, Allah’s blessings be upon him and his Family, about a people who will be taken out of the Fire and grow like how a seed vegetates in what is carried by overflowing water. Al-Asma’I said: The hameel is what is carried by overflowing water from all things. Every carried thing is a hameel, like how it is said to a person who is killed: qateel. From it stems the saying of Umar with regards to the hameel: «None passes on inheritance except with a proof». One is called hameel because one is carried from one’s country as a child and was not born into (the fold of) Islam. Al-Asma’I said: As for the seed, everything to which it vegetates seeds, the name of the one of them is a seed. Al-Farra’ said: A seed is that which is sown from leguminous plants. Abu Ubaid said: There is another interpretation to hameel, and it is more munificent (in meaning) than this. It is said: One is called hameel because one’s lineage is unknown, and it is that a man would say: «This is my brother» or «my father» or «my son», and so he would not be believed except with a proof, because in that case, he seeks to repel the inheritance of his master who set him free. That is why a bastard is called a hameel. Kumait said, whilst blaming Qudha’a for their relocation to Yemen:

حدثنا أبي - رحمه الله - قال: حدثنا سعد بن عبد الله، عن محمد بن الحسين بن أبي الخطاب، عن جعفر بن رشيد، عن غياث، قال: سمعت أبا عبد الله عليه السلام يقول: لا جلب ولا جنب ولا شغار في الاسلام، قال: الجلب الذي يجلب مع الخيل يركض معها، والجنب الذي يقوم في أعراض الخيل فيصيح بها، والشغار كان يزوج الرجل في الجاهلية ابنته بأخته.

1. We were told by my father, may Allah grant him mercy, that he said: We were told by Sa’d bin Abdullah, from Muhammed bin Hussain bin Abi’l-Khattab, from Ja’far bin Rasheed, from Ghiyath, that he said: I heard Abu Abdillah, peace be upon him, say: There is no jalb, nor janb, nor shighar in Islam. He said: Jalb is that which is drawn with horses, running with them. Janb refers to the one who stands at the edge of the (gathering of) horses and calls for them. Shighar is that a man marries, in the Jahiliya, a daughter (of another man) by (marrying off) his sister (to the other man).

حدثنا أبو أحمد القاسم بن محمد بن أحمد بن عبدويه السراج الزاهد الهمداني بهمدان، قال: حدثنا أبو عمرو أحمد بن الحسين بن عمرون، قال: حدثنا إبراهيم بن أحمد بن نعيس البغدادي، قال: حدثنا ابن الحماني، قال: حدثنا عبد السلام، عن إسحاق بن عبد الله ابن أبي فروة، عن زيد بن أسلم، عن عطاء بن يسار، عن أبي هريرة قال: كان البدل في الجاهلية أن يقول الرجل للرجل: بادلني بامرأتك وأبادلك بامرأتي تنزل لي عن امرأتك فأنزل لك عن امرأتي فأنزل الله عز وجل: " ولا أن تبدل بهن من أزواج ولو أعجبك حسنهن " قال: فدخل عيينة بن حصن على النبي صلى الله عليه وآله وعنده عائشة فدخل بغير إذن فقال له النبي صلى الله عليه وآله: فأين الاستيذان؟ قال: ما استأذنت على رجل مضر منذ أدركت، ثم قال: من هذه الحميراء إلى جنبك؟ فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وآله: هذه عائشة أم المؤمنين، قال عيينة: أفلا أنزل لك عن أحسن الخلق وتنزل عنها؟ فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وآله: إن الله عز وجل قد حرم ذلك علي، فما خرج قالت له عائشة: من هذا يا رسول الله؟ قال: هذا أحمق مطاع، وإنه على ما ترين سيد قومه.

1. We were told by Abu Ahmad, Qasem bin Muhammed bin Ahmad bin ‘Abdawayh al-Sarraj al-Zahid al-Hamedani, in Hamedan, that he said: We were told by Abu Amru, Ahmad bin Husssain bin ‘Amroun, that he said: We were told by Ibrahim bin Ahmad bin Na’ees al-Baghdadi, that he said:We were told by Ibn Hammani, that he said: We were told by Abdul-Salam, from Ishaq bin Abdullah ibn Abi Farwa, from Zaid bin Aslam, from ‘Ataa’ bin Yasar, from Abu Huraira, that he said: Exchange during the Jahiliyawas that a man says to another man: «Exchange me with your wife and I will exchange you with my wife; you step down for me from your wife, and I step down for you from my wife.» Then Allah, Exalted and Glorious is He, sent down: «nor (is it) for you to exchange them for (other) wives, even if their beauty impress you» (33:52) He said: ‘Uyayna bin Huss’ain entered into the place of the Prophet, Allah’s blessings be upon him and his Family, and with him was Aisha, and he entered without permission. The Prophet, Allah’s blessings be upon him and his Family, then said: And where is your request for permission? He said: I have not sought permission (to enter) upon (the house of) a man from Mudhar since I reached maturity. Then he said: Who is this Humaira [1] next to you? Then the Messenger of Allah, Allah’s blessings be upon him and his Family, said: This is Aisha, the Mother of the Believers. ‘Uyayna said: Shall I not step down for you from the best of creation, and you step down for me from her? The Messenger of Allah, Allah’s blessings be upon him and his Family, said: This is a fool that is obeyed, and he is, indeed, as you see, the master of his people.

حدثنا أبو الحسين محمد بن هارون الزنجاني، قال: حدثنا علي بن عبد العزيز عن أبي عبيد القاسم بن سلام بإسناد متصل إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وآله أنه كتب لوائل بن الحجر الحضرمي ولقومه " من محمد رسول الله إلى الأقيال العباهلة من أهل حضرموت بإقام الصلاة وإيتاء الزكاة، وعلى التيعة شاة، والتيمة لصاحبها، وفي السيوب الخمس، لا خلاط، و لا وراط، ولا شناق، ولا شغار، ومن أجبى فقد أربى، وكل مسكر حرام ".

1. We were told by Abu’l-Hasan, Muhammed bin Harun al-Zanjani, that he said: We were told by Ali bin Abdul-Aziz, from Abu Ubaid, Qasem bin Salam, with a connected chain (reaching) to the Prophet, Allah’s blessings be upon him and his Family, that he wrote to Wa’el bin Hajar al-Hadrami and his people: «From Muhammed, the Messenger of Allah, to the aqyal-ul-‘abahila from the people of Hadhramaut, (a beseech to you for the) establishment of prayer and fulfilment of alms tax. For a tay’a is a sheep, the tayma is for its owner and for suyoub is a fifth. There shall be no khalat, nor wirat, nor shinaq, nor shighar, and the one who performs ijba’ has certainly performed usury, and every intoxicant is forbidden.

أخبرني أبو الحسين محمد بن هارون الزنجاني، قال: حدثنا علي بن عبد العزيز، عن أبي عبيد القاسم بن سلام بأسانيد متصلة إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وآله في أخبار متفرقة أنه نهى عن المحاقلة والمزابنة، فالمحاقلة بيع الزرع وهو في سنبله بالبر وهو مأخوذ من الحقل، والحقل هو الذي تسميه أهل العراق: " القراح " ويقال في مثل: " لا تنبت البقلة الا الحقلة " والمزابنة بيع التمر في رؤوس النخل بالتمر، ورخص النبي صلى الله عليه وآله في العرايا واحدها عرية وهي النخلة يعريها صاحبها رجلا محتاجا، والاعراء أن يجعل له ثمرة عامها يقول: رخص لرب النخل أن يبتاع من تلك النخلة من المعرا بتمر لموضع حاجته، قال: وكان النبي صلى الله عليه وآله إذا بعث الخراص قال: خففوا في الخرص فإن في المال العرية والوصية.

1. We were told by Abu’l-Hussain, Muhammed bin Harun al-Zanjani, that he said: I was told by Ali bin Abdul-Aziz, from Abu Ubaid, Qasem bin Salam, with connected chains of narrators (reaching) to the Prophet, Allah’s blessings be upon him and his Family, in scattered reports that he forbade muhaqala and muzabana. Muhaqala is to tell cultivation while it is in its spike in the wild. It stems from haql. Haql is what the people of Iraq call qurah. It is said, in a proverb: «A leguminous plant does not vegetate except a haqla.» Muzabana is to sell dates that are on the top of palm trees, with dates. The Prophet, Allah’s blessings be upon him and his Family, licensed with regards to ‘araya, whose singular form is ‘ariya, and it is a palm tree whose owner strips it in accordance to his need. The stripping (of palm trees) is that one permits its fruit for a year. He says: «He licensed for the owner of the palm tree that he sells, from that palm tree, what has been stripped, with dates, in accordance to his need. He said: When the Prophet, Allah’s blessings be upon him and his Family, used to send the estimator, he said: Take it lightly with estimation, for indeed, in the property lies what is stripped and what is to be bequeathed.

قال: ونهى صلى الله عليه وآله عن المخابرة، وهي المزارعة بالنصف والثلث والربع وأقل من ذلك وأكثر وهو الخبر أيضا وكان أبو عبيد يقول: لهذا سمي الأكار الخبير لأنه يخبر الأرض والمخابرة: المواكرة، والخبرة: الفعل، والخبير: الرجل، ولهذا سمي الأكار لأنه يؤاكر الأرض أي يشقها. ونهى صلى الله عليه وآله عن المحاضرة وهو أن تباع الثمار قبل أن يبدو صلاحها وهي خضر بعد، ويدخل في المخاضرة أيضا بيع الرطاب والبقول وأشباهما. ونهى عن بيع التمر قبل أن يزهو، وزهزه أن يحمر أو يصفر. وفي حديث آخر: نهى عن بيعه قبل أن يشقح. و يقال: " يشقح " والتشقيح هو الزهو أيضا وهو معنى قوله: " حتى تأمن العاهة " والعاهة الآفة تصيبه.

He said: He, Allah’s blessings be upon him and his Family, also forbade mukhadhara, and that is to sell fruits before they appear to be fine while they are still green. It is also included, in the (act of) mukhadhara, the selling of dates, leguminous plants and their likes. He also forbade the selling of dates before it is perfected, and its perfection is that it becomes red or yellow. In another narration, he forbade the selling of it before it is cleared. It is said: «It is cleared», and clearing also means perfection, and that is the meaning of his saying: «Until you are assured from (that it has a) defect». A defect refers to a misfortune.

ونهى صلى الله عليه وآله عن المنابذة والملامسة وبيع الحصاة. ففي كل واحدة منها قولان، أما المنابذة فيقال: إنها أن يقول الرجل لصاحبه: انبذ إلي الثوب أو غيره من المتاع أو أنبذه إليك وقد وجب البيع بكذا وكذا. ويقال: إنما هو أن يقول الرجل: إذا نبذت الحصاة فقد وجب البيع وهو معنى قوله أنه نهى عن بيع الحصاة. والملامسة أن تقول: إذا لمست ثوبي أو لمست ثوبك فقد وجب البيع بكذا وكذا. ويقال: بل هو أن يلمس المتاع من وراء الثوب ولا ينظر إليه فيقع البيع على ذلك وهذه بيوع كان أهل الجاهلية يتبايعونها فنهى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وآله عنها لأنها غرر كلها.

He, Allah’s blessings be upon him and his Family, also forbade munabadha, mulamasa and the selling of pebble. With regards to each one of them, there are two opinions. As for munabadha, it is said: It is that a man says to his companion: «Throw me the robe» - or another merchandise – or «I will throw it to you, and the sale has become obliged (to be executed) by such-and-such». It is also said: It is only that a man says: «If the pebbles are thrown (for sale), the sale has become obliged. That is the meaning of his saying that he forbade the selling of pebbles. Mulamasa is that you say: «If you touch my robe, or I touch your robe, the sale has become obliged by such-and-such». It is also said: Rather, it is that one touches the merchandise from behind the robe by which it is not looked upon, and that the sale is performed on the basis of that. These sales were carried out by the people of the Jahiliya, and so the Messenger of Allah, Allah’s blessings be upon him and his Family, forbade them because they were all deceptions.

ونهى صلى الله عليه وآله عن المجر وهو أن يباع البعير أو غيره بما في بطن الناقة. ويقال: منه أمجرت في البيع إمجارا.

He, Allah’s blessings be upon him and his Family, also forbade majr, and that is to sell a camel or other with what is in the belly of a female camel. It is said: «One performed imjar in the sale, a (true act of) imjar.»

ونهى صلى الله عليه وآله عن الملاقيح والمضامين، فالملاقيح ما في البطون وهي الأجنة والواحدة منها " ملقوحة " وأما المضامين فمما في أصلاب الفحول وكانوا يبيعون الجنين في بطن الناقة وما يضرب الفحل في عامه أو في أعوام.

He, Allah’s blessings be upon him and his Family, also forbade malaqeeh [1] and madhameen [2]. Malaqeeh are those in bellies, and they are fetuses, and a singular is malqouha. As for madhameen, they are those in the spines of males. They used to sell the fetus that is in the belly of a female camel, and what a male ejaculates within a year or several years.