Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh

3461 - وَ رُوِيَ عَنِ اَلْعَلاَءِ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ أَحَدِهِمَا عَلَيْهِمَا اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ : "اَلْمُدَبَّرُ مِنَ اَلثُّلُثِ وَ لِلرَّجُلِ أَنْ يَرْجِعَ فِي ثُلُثِهِ إِنْ كَانَ أَوْصَى فِي صِحَّةٍ أَوْ مَرَضٍ".

Hadith.3461 - It is narrated from al-Ala', from Muhammad ibn Muslim, from one of the Imams (as), peace be upon them, who said: "A mudabbar (a slave promised freedom after the owner's death) is considered to be from the one-third (of the estate). A man has the right to retract from his bequest regarding this one-third, whether he made the will during his health or illness."

3462 - وَ رَوَى أَبَانٌ عَنْ أَبِي مَرْيَمَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ : سُئِلَ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يُعْتِقُ جَارِيَتَهُ عَنْ دُبُرٍ أَ يَطَؤُهَا إِنْ شَاءَ أَوْ يُنْكِحُهَا أَوْ يَبِيعُ خِدْمَتَهَا حَيَاتَهُ قَالَ "نَعَمْ أَيَّ ذَلِكَ شَاءَ فَعَلَ".

Hadith.3462 - Aban narrated from Abu Maryam, from Abu Abdullah (as), who was asked about a man who made his bondwoman mudabbar (to be freed after his death). Imam (as) was asked: "Can he have relations with her if he wishes, or marry her off, or sell her service during his lifetime?" Imam (as) said: "Yes, he may do any of these if he wishes."

3463 - وَ رَوَى عَاصِمٌ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ قَالَ : سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلْعَبْدِ وَ اَلْأَمَةِ يُعْتَقَانِ عَنْ دُبُرٍ فَقَالَ "لِمَوْلاَهُ أَنْ يُكَاتِبَهُ إِنْ شَاءَ وَ لَيْسَ لَهُ أَنْ يَبِيعَهُ إِلاَّ أَنْ يَشَاءَ اَلْعَبْدُ أَنْ يَبِيعَهُ مُدَّةَ حَيَاتِهِ وَ لَهُ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ مَالَهُ إِنْ كَانَ لَهُ مَالٌ ".

Hadith.3463 - Asim narrated from Abu Basir, who said: I asked him about a male or female slave who had been made mudabbar (to be freed after the master's death). Imam (as) said: "The master may enter into a mukataba (a contract of emancipation in exchange for payment) with the slave if he wishes. However, he cannot sell the slave unless the slave agrees to be sold for the duration of the master's life. The master is also entitled to take any wealth the slave possesses, if the slave has wealth."

3464 - وَ سَأَلَهُ عَبْدُ اَللَّهِ بْنُ سِنَانٍ : عَنِ اِمْرَأَةٍ أَعْتَقَتْ ثُلُثَ خَادِمِهَا عِنْدَ مَوْتِهَا أَ عَلَى أَهْلِهَا أَنْ يُكَاتِبُوهَا إِنْ شَاءُوا وَ إِنْ أَبَوْا قَالَ "لاَ وَ لَكِنْ لَهَا مِنْ نَفْسِهَا ثُلُثُهَا وَ لِلْوَارِثِ ثُلُثَاهَا يَسْتَخْدِمُهَا بِحِسَابِ اَلَّذِي لَهُ مِنْهَا وَ يَكُونُ لَهَا مِنْ نَفْسِهَا بِحِسَابِ مَا أُعْتِقَ مِنْهَا".

Hadith.3464 - Abdullah ibn Sinan asked him about a woman who freed one-third of her servant at the time of her death. He asked: "Are her heirs required to enter into a mukataba (a contract of emancipation in exchange for payment) with the servant if they wish, or can they refuse?" Imam (as) said: "No, but the servant owns one-third of herself, and the heirs own two-thirds. The heirs may use her services in proportion to their share, and she has freedom over herself in proportion to the part that was freed."

3465 - وَ رَوَى أَبَانٌ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَلرَّحْمَنِ قَالَ : سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ قَالَ لِعَبْدِهِ إِنْ حَدَثَ بِي حَدَثٌ فَهُوَ حُرٌّ وَ عَلَى اَلرَّجُلِ تَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ فِي كَفَّارَةِ يَمِينٍ أَوْ ظِهَارٍ أَ لَهُ أَنْ يُعْتِقَ عَبْدَهُ اَلَّذِي جَعَلَ لَهُ اَلْعِتْقَ إِنْ حَدَثَ بِهِ حَدَثٌ فِي كَفَّارَةِ تِلْكَ اَلْيَمِينِ قَالَ "لاَ يَجُوزُ اَلَّذِي يَجْعَلُ لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ".

Hadith.3465 - Aban narrated from Abd al-Rahman, who said: I asked him about a man who said to his slave, "If something happens to me, you are free." Meanwhile, the man is obligated to free a slave as an expiation for breaking an oath or zihar (a form of prohibited declaration regarding one's wife). I asked: "Can he use this same slave, whom he had promised freedom upon his death, to fulfill the requirement of freeing a slave for the expiation?" Imam (as) said: "No, it is not permissible to use the slave designated for that purpose."

3466 - وَ رَوَى وُهَيْبُ بْنُ حَفْصٍ عَنْ أَبِي بَصِيرٍ قَالَ : سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ دَبَّرَ غُلاَمَهُ وَ عَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ فِرَاراً مِنَ اَلدَّيْنِ قَالَ "لاَ تَدْبِيرَ لَهُ وَ إِنْ كَانَ دَبَّرَهُ فِي صِحَّةٍ مِنْهُ وَ سَلاَمَةٍ فَلاَ سَبِيلَ لِلدُّيَّانِ عَلَيْهِ".

Hadith.3466 - Wuhayb ibn Hafs narrated from Abu Basir, who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (as), about a man who made his slave mudabbar (to be freed after his death) while he was in debt, intending to escape from paying the debt. Imam (as) said: "There is no valid tadbir (declaration of delayed emancipation) in this case. However, if he made the tadbir while he was in good health and free from any financial distress, then the creditors have no claim over the slave."

3467 - وَ رَوَى اِبْنُ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ رِئَابٍ عَنْ بُرَيْدِ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ قَالَ : سَأَلْتُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ دَبَّرَ مَمْلُوكاً لَهُ تَاجِراً مُوسِراً فَاشْتَرَى اَلْمُدَبَّرُ جَارِيَةً بِأَمْرِ مَوْلاَهُ فَوَلَدَتْ مِنْهُ أَوْلاَداً ثُمَّ إِنَّ اَلْمُدَبَّرَ مَاتَ قَبْلَ سَيِّدِهِ فَقَالَ "أَرَى أَنَّ جَمِيعَ مَا تَرَكَ اَلْمُدَبَّرُ مِنْ مَتَاعٍ أَوْ ضِيَاعٍ فَهُوَ لِلَّذِي دَبَّرَهُ وَ أَرَى أَنَّ أُمَّ وَلَدِهِ رِقٌّ لِلَّذِي دَبَّرَهُ وَ أَرَى أَنَّ وُلْدَهَا مُدَبَّرُونَ كَهَيْئَةِ أَبِيهِمْ فَإِذَا مَاتَ اَلَّذِي دَبَّرَ أَبَاهُمْ فَهُمْ أَحْرَارٌ".

Hadith.3467 - Ibn Mahbub narrated from Ali ibn Ri'ab, from Burayd ibn Mu'awiyah, who said: I asked Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as), about a man who made his wealthy slave mudabbar (to be freed after his death). The mudabbar, with the permission of his master, bought a bondwoman who bore him children. Then the mudabbar died before his master. Imam (as) said: "I believe that all the property, possessions, or estates left by the mudabbar belong to the one who made him mudabbar. As for the mother of his children, she remains a slave to the one who made him mudabbar. However, I see that her children take the same status as their father-they are mudabbar. Therefore, when the one who made their father mudabbar dies, they will be freed."

3468 - وَ قَالَ عَلِيٌّ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ : "اَلْمُعْتَقُ عَنْ دُبُرٍ هُوَ مِنَ اَلثُّلُثِ وَ مَا جَنَى هُوَ وَ اَلْمُكَاتَبُ وَ أُمُّ اَلْوَلَدِ فَالْمَوْلَى ضَامِنٌ لِجِنَايَتِهِمْ ".

Hadith.3468 - Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (as) said: "A mudabbar (a slave promised freedom after the owner's death) is counted as part of the one-third (of the estate). As for any offense committed by the mudabbar, the mukatab (a slave under a contract of emancipation), or the umm al-walad (a bondwoman who bore her master a child), the master is liable for their offenses."

3469 - وَ رَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سِنَانٍ عَنِ اَلْعَلاَءِ بْنِ اَلْفُضَيْلِ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ : فِي قَوْلِ اَللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ: ۝ فَكٰاتِبُوهُمْ إِنْ عَلِمْتُمْ فِيهِمْ خَيْراً ۝ قَالَ "إِنْ عَلِمْتُمْ لَهُمْ مَالاً " قَالَ قُلْتُ ۝ وَ آتُوهُمْ مِنْ مٰالِ اَللّٰهِ اَلَّذِي آتٰاكُمْ ۝ قَالَ "تَضَعُ عَنْهُ مِنْ نُجُومِهِ اَلَّتِي لَمْ تَكُنْ تُرِيدُ أَنْ تَنْقُصَهُ مِنْهَا شَيْئاً وَ لاَ تَزِيدُهُ فَوْقَ مَا فِي نَفْسِكَ" فَقُلْتُ كَمْ قَالَ "وَضَعَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ لِمَمْلُوكٍ لَهُ أَلْفاً مِنْ سِتَّةِ آلاَفٍ".

Hadith.3469 - Muhammad ibn Sinan narrated from al-Ala' ibn al-Fudayl, from Abu Abdullah (as), regarding the saying of Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic: "Then write [a contract of emancipation] for them if you know any good in them" (Surah An-Nur 24:33). Imam (as) said: "If you know that they possess wealth." I asked about the verse: 'And give them from the wealth of Allah which He has given you,' (Surah An-Nur 24:33). Imam (as) said: "You reduce for them from their installments what you did not initially intend to reduce, and do not increase it beyond what you originally intended." I asked: "How much?" Imam (as) said: "Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as), reduced one thousand out of six thousand for one of his slaves."

3470 - وَ رَوَى عَمْرُو بْنُ شِمْرٍ عَنْ جَابِرٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ : سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلْمُكَاتَبِ يُشْتَرَطُ عَلَيْهِ إِنْ عَجَزَ فَهُوَ رَدٌّ فِي اَلرِّقِّ فَعَجَزَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُؤَدِّيَ شَيْئاً قَالَ "لاَ يُرَدُّ فِي اَلرِّقِّ حَتَّى يَمْضِيَ لَهُ ثَلاَثُ سِنِينَ وَ يُعْتَقُ مِنْهُ مِقْدَارُ مَا أَدَّى صَدْراً فَإِذَا أَدَّى صَدْراً فَلَيْسَ لَهُمْ أَنْ يَرُدُّوهُ فِي اَلرِّقِّ".

Hadith.3470 - Amr ibn Shimr narrated from Jabir, from Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as), who said: I asked him about a mukatab (a slave under a contract of emancipation) who had a condition stipulated that if he failed to make payments, he would return to slavery. What if he failed before paying anything? Imam (as) said: "He does not return to slavery until three years have passed. Whatever portion he has already paid counts toward his emancipation. If he has made partial payments, they cannot return him to slavery."